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CIVIL WAR . The War Between the States 1861-1865. The Southern Way of Life. Most people earned their living from farming Some raised cash crops on large plantations – Examples: cotton, tobacco, rice Slaves were very important to this way of life
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CIVIL WAR The War Between the States 1861-1865
The Southern Way of Life • Most people earned their living from farming • Some raised cash crops on large plantations – Examples: cotton, tobacco, rice • Slaves were very important to • this way of life • Southern states had to buy products or import goods they did not make themselves- Examples: woolen cloth, leather, nails
The Northern Way of Life • Had some farms but they were not large plantations • They did not need slaves because there were small farms • They abolished slavery • Factories were very important- A factory is where people used machines to make goods like cloth, shoes, or nails • Towns grew into big cities
Keeping a Balance • The new United States added land to the west- some people from the 13 states moved to new land • As people moved west, they formed new states –some were like the south and some were like the north • For a while the southern and northern states were about equal and the government made laws that helped both groups
North New Hampshire Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Vermont Ohio Indiana Illinois South Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Louisiana Mississippi Alabama The United States in 1819
North and South Disagree • The biggest disagreement between the North and South was over states’ rights and slavery. • Since colonial days Northerners and Southerners had argued over slavery. • Taxes on imports were also causing Southerners to buy most of the manufactured goods they needed from the North.
Cause -Northern factories wanted to sell their cotton cloth -Northern states asked for high U.S. import taxes on cotton cloth Effect -South Carolinians had to pay more for cotton cloth -South Carolina protested the high tax A Problem with Taxes
Slavery in the South • 75% of white South Carolinians did not have slaves. But most wanted to keep slaves. • They thought that the planters needed slaves. Only 3% owned 20 or more slaves. • To the planters, slaves were valuable property.
Abolitionists in the North • They were men and women, black and white, young and old. Some were freed slaves. • They wanted to end slavery. • They thought all people should be free. • They wanted all the NEW states in the west to be free states.
An Unsolvable Problem • Slavery was a big problem in the United States. It divided the country. • Southern states wanted each new state to decide about slavery. • Abolitionists wanted all new states to be free. They also wanted the government to end slavery in the whole country. • Southern states did not want to be told what to do. The South said the states had a right to decide this for themselves. • Talk of Secession started, especially in SC. • It would eventually lead to war.
Election of 1860 • Southern states wanted a U.S. government that would protect slavery. • The election of 1860 told them they would not get the support they wanted. • Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States. He was from a free state. • He said he would not end slavery in the South, but he would not let it spread into new parts of the country.
Secession • South Carolina Secessionists ( a person who wanted the state to leave the Union) believed that Abraham Lincoln would abolish slavery everywhere. • Secessionists held a convention to discuss leaving the Union or seceding. • South Carolina held the Secession Convention first in Columbia, but because of a smallpox outbreak they moved it to Charleston. • After much talk, they decided to leave the Union. They passed the Ordinance of Secession. • Secessionists were sure the Union would let then go but they were wrong.
Six States Join South Carolina • Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed South Carolina’s example. • Together these 7 formed a new country –The Confederate States of America or the Confederacy • They elected Jefferson Davis as president • The United States was now split in two.
Fort Sumter • After the Southern states seceded they took over post offices, forts and other federal government property. • Fort Sumter in SC was still controlled by the Union but it was running out of supplies. • Lincoln wanted to keep control of the fort so he sent supply ships to the fort. He waited to see how the Southerners would react. • Davis’s plan was to take control of Fort Sumter for the Confederacy. He planned to do so before the supplies arrived.
First Shots • On April 12, 1861 Confederate leaders demanded that the Union forces surrender Fort Sumter. But they refused. • The Confederate troops then fired on the fort. For over 30 hours, the cannons blasted away. The next day the Union troops ran out of ammunition and had to give up. • Davis had met his goal. Lincoln had not. • The first shots of the Civil War had been fired.
North 1. More land 2. 19 million people 3. More factories to make goods for war 4. More railroads-able to transport goods faster 5. Navy 6. Established government 7. More money South Smaller area to defend Purpose for war clearly understood Defending homeland Used to the outdoors and doing without Better military leaders Help from Native Americans Slaves Trade cotton with Europe for bullets, guns, and other supplies North vs. South
The Union’s Battle Plans • The North’s plan to win the war had to do with trade. The North hoped to cut off trade between the South and Europe. • They planned a blockade. Northern warships would stop trading ships from leaving or entering Southern ports. • Lincoln ordered a blockade of Charleston and the entire South. The Union placed its ships in the Atlantic Ocean outside Charleston Harbor and fired at any ship trying to get in or out. • Without trade, the South would slowly become weaker.
Blockades Hits Home • At first the blockade did not work well. Some people were able to get boats through. They were called blockade runners. They kept goods coming into Charleston. • Over time, the blockade made things very hard for people in the South. • Without supplies coming in, they ran out of things like cloth, thread, needles, and medicine.
An Underwater Weapon • The ship was a long thin tube with room inside for 9 men. It was a submarine called the H.L. Hunley. • A submarine is a boat that travels under water. People hoped the Hunley could help end the blockade. • To make it work, one man guided the ship and others turned a crank. The Hunley sank twice during practice runs. Both times, all the men inside died.
Time for Attack • With a bomb attached, the submarine sneaked close up to a Union ship. After the men pushed the bomb into the enemy ship, the men quickly steered the sub away. • The bomb exploded! The Hunley became the first sub in history to sink a ship. • After sinking the Union ship, the Hunley sank. All the crew died.
The Tide Turns • For the first two years of the war, the South won the big battles. But then things changed. • The South lost 2 major battles and things began to go badly for the Confederacy.
Sherman’s March • In 1864 Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led his army south from Tennessee into Georgia. • Sherman pushed to Atlanta and as he took the city, much of it burned to the ground • Sherman’s goal was to destroy everything that could help the South in the war. Sherman hoped that this would break the South’s will to fight. • Sherman’s troops burned homes and stores, destroyed crops, wrecked bridges, and tore up railroad tracks. This was called Total War!
Sherman Marches to South Carolina • Many had come to Columbia for safety, but they were not safe. To much surprise, Sherman heads for Columbia • Many had come to Columbia for safety, but they were not safe. • Confederate soldiers began to burn stored cotton to prevent the North from getting it. • To save the city, the mayor surrendered it to Sherman. • Sherman ignored the surrender. The Union soldiers were mad at SC. They blamed them for starting the war. • They began stealing people’s things, destroying buildings and starting fires. • Fires spread all over the city. By the next morning, the city was in ruins.
End of the War • For nearly 2 months after Sherman’s march, the South fought hard against the North, but the South finally surrendered. • The Civil War ended when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses Grant in Virginia on April 9, 1865.
A Soldier’s Life • 60,000 men from SC joined the Confederate army • They spent most of their time in camp • They did drills and learned how to march • They played cards and games in their spare time • They missed home and wrote letter to family and friends • They usually carried their rifles, cartridges, food, water, and a bedroll • It was very cold during the winters. More soldiers died from sickness than from wounds on the battlefield. • Many soldiers knew their enemy. Brother against brother!
Women of the War • They were left behind to run the farms and plantations. • They had to do all the work that the men had done. • They still had to take care of the children, make clothes, and cook meals. • They set up hospitals for wounded soldiers. • They made uniforms, collected food and raised money.
Struggles for African Americans • Many left to go to the Union and some even joined the Union army. • They were separated from the white soldiers and given worn-out uniforms. • They were paid little or no money for being in the army. • They were free but not equal. • Some plantation owners were paid to send their slaves to build forts and drive wagons for the Confederate army • Many stayed on the plantations-afraid to leave or faithful to their masters
Slaves During the War • Some plantation owners were paid to send their slaves to build forts and drive wagons for the Confederate army • Many stayed on the plantations-afraid to leave or faithful to their masters • Some even followed their masters to war and joined the Confederate army
Increased Racial Tensions • During the war, there were more and more problems between blacks and whites. • The elite were afraid of a slave rebellion, so they passed the “20 slave rule”. If you owned more than 20 slaves, you did not have to fight in the war. • After the war, whites tried to control African Americans with “Black Codes”. These were laws that limited the rights of blacks (voting)
What about the elite? • Some elite served in the army, but they were not required to fight because they owned slaves. • The elite lost much of their wealth because of the blockade. • Many elite gave money to the Confederacy or bought Confederate bonds. After the war, the money became worthless. • Even after losing money, the elite were still respected and maintained power in the state.
