Biology Review Benchmark Test #3

1. Biology ReviewBenchmark Test #3 Standards 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D DNA, Genes, Chromosomes DNA Replication Protein Synthesis Biotechnology Meiosis Genetics Mutations

2. DNA • DNA is considered the code of life because it codes for ________________. • (TRUE or FALSE) Organisms that are closely related share more similar DNA sequences compared to organisms not closely related. • Circle the two DNA strands most likely related: ATGCGGTTA TAACGTACC CATTAAGGC AGCTGCAAT ATGCGGTAA GCAGCTCTG

3. Chromosomes • __________________________ - structure in the nucleus of cells that consist of one long molecule of DNA condensed & coiled around proteins. • Chromosomes contain sections of DNA called _____________ which code for _______________. • Humans have ______ chromosomes arranged in ______ pairs  _____ autosomes & _____ sex chromosomes (X or Y)

4. DNA Gene – section of DNA DNA double helix duplicated chromosome coils nucleosome centromere sister chromatids supercoils histone proteins

5. DNA Replication • ____________________________ - copying DNA. • (TRUE or FALSE) Occurs during S phase of Interphase. • Replication produces _____ identical copies of DNA molecules. • (TRUE or FALSE) Each DNA molecule copied contains 1 strand of old DNA & 1 strand of new DNA. • (TRUE of FALSE) Enzymes involved in DNA replication.

7. Steps of DNA Replication • Double helix unzips and then complementary base pairs are added (A-T and C-G)

8. Protein Synthesis • (TRUE or FALSE) Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation. • _______________________ - process of DNA being copied into mRNA. • Occurs in the _____________________ of a cell • _______________________ - process of synthesizing proteins by using RNA. • Occurs at the _____________________ of a cell

9. Protein Synthesis DNA ----------> mRNA ----------> Protein

11. 3 Types of RNA _____ mRNA a) carries amino acids to ribosome _____rRNA b) form ribosomes _____tRNA c) copy of instructions; complementary to DNA Ribosomal RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA

12. Protein Synthesis __________________________ __________________________

13. Mutations • ______________________ - change in DNA • (TRUE or FALSE) Mutations can result from a malfunction during mitosis or meiosis. • (TRUE or FALSE) Most mutations are automatically repaired by an organism’s enzymes. • If the mutant cell is a body cell, the daughter cells can be affected resulting in the mutation (being passed, not being passed) to the offspring. • If the mutant cell is a gamete, the daughter cells can be affected resulting in the mutation (being passed, not being passed) to the offspring.

14. Types of Mutations • _____________ Mutations – affects a single gene • ________________ Mutations – affects chromosomes • Point Mutation  substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide • Frameshift Mutation  addition or deletion of nucleotide • (TRUE or FALSE) Mutations may be beneficial.

15. DNA or RNA?

16. Meiosis

17. Sequence Meiosis I and II • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___

18. Crossing Over • ___________________ - homologous chromosomes exchange DNA. • (TRUE or FALSE) Crossing over increases genetic variation. • Crossing over occurs during ___________________.

19. Mitosis and Meiosis

20. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

21. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

22. Comparing Haploid and Diploid