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The MICRO-HOPE

The MICRO-HOPE Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Reference

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The MICRO-HOPE

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  1. The MICRO-HOPE Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Reference Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355: 253–259.

  2. Background Diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. The presence of other risk factors also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes mellitus. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may prevent or delay cardiovascular outcomes as suggested by multiple experimental studies, epidemiological studies, and clinical trials. For patients with diabetes, such benefit has been seen after acute myocardial infarction in the presence of hypertension and in the presence of a low ejection fraction or heart failure. ACE inhibitors may also prevent overt nephropathy and other microvascular outcomes in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. The current study investigated whether the ACE inhibitor ramipril can lower these risks in patients with diabetes.

  3. Aim The MICRO-HOPE study, a specific sub-set of patients with diabetes of the HOPE trial was investigated. The primary variables were the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with microalbuminuria or the development of microalbuminuria in patients not presenting this condition at baseline.

  4. Methods

  5. Summary of Key Results • Rate of the combined primary outcome of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death was significantly lower in the ramipril group than in the placebo group (relative risk reduction: 25% [95% CI: 12–36], P=0•0004). • Ramipril lowered the risk of the primary outcome by 16% ([95% CI: –14 to 39], P=0•26) after year, and significantly by 26% ([95% CI: 6–41], P=0•011) after 2 years. • Changes in the blood pressure seen with the use of ramipril.

  6. • Ramipril’s benefit was noted irrespective of whether participants had a history of cardiovascular events (P for interaction=0•91), hypertension (P for interaction=0•93), or microalbuminuria (P for interaction=0•34), whether or not participants had type 1 or 2 diabetes (P for interaction=0•32), and irrespective of current treatment for hyperglycemia (P for interaction=0•51). • Compared to baseline, mean absolute HbA1c values increased by absolute amounts of 1•5% higher than the upper limit of normal in the ramipril group and 3•4% in the placebo group at 1 year (P=0•04). • Ramipril reduced the risk of a combined microvascular outcome of overt nephropathy, dialysis, or laser therapy by 16%. • Ramipril lowered the risk of the combined primary outcome by 25%, myocardial infarction by 22%, stroke by 33%, cardiovascular death by 37%, total mortality by 24%, revascularization by 17%, and overt nephropathy by 24% (3–40, P=0•027).

  7. Conclusion ACE inhibition with ramipril can be considered as a preventive intervention with multiple mechanisms of benefit, including lowering of blood pressure. Its addition to other proven prevention strategies such as decreasing blood pressure, glycemic control, lipid lowering, stopping smoking, and aspirin should further lower the risk of cardiovascular and microvascular events in people with diabetes. Ramipril was beneficial for cardiovascular events and overt nephropathy in people with diabetes owing to its ability to decrease in blood pressure. This treatment represents a vasculoprotective and renoprotective effect for people with diabetes.

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