Title: Elaboration of Guidelines of Cultural Linguistic Adaptability

1. Title:Elaboration of Guidelines of Cultural Linguistic Adaptability (Adding more additional guidelines into the existing document) Yuchen Sun

2. Justification • Significant for diversity groups of people -with cultural variation e.g. cognition style -with linguistic variation e.g. communication online and offline

3. Justification • Significant for myself as an international student -with cultural adaptation e.g. misunderstand academic information -with linguistic adaptation e.g. express corresponding information

4. Analysis • Microsoft (2012) • Different languages have various modalities of capitalization • Input and processing routine should handle multiple languages • Date formatting is not constant (should be clarified) • Handle variation of information of phone • Number formatting should be clarified as variation • Annotation of different currency in appearance • Make graphics adaptive in CLA area (Graphics are more extensive than text ) • Multimedia should be locale-aware (icons)

5. Analysis • W. R. Swinyard (August 1990) The morality of software piracy: A cross cultural analysis -Identify suitable product for all cultural moral • Magnus Merkel (1996) Consistency and Variation in Technical Translations - Make or keep the result of translation consistent • Moravia (2012) Terminology Management - Terminology need to be consistent for multilingual content

6. Implementation • Find experiences on cultural and linguistic adaptability on my own • Read original document • Brainstorm for possible additional ideas • Pick suitable items which will be added to the existing documents • Search online by keywords listed based on planning items

7. Implementation • Read document from searching result (by skimming) • Read content in detail where might be relevant and appropriate • Filter corresponding content and set them as references • Create items added into the original document as the guideline style • Cite the corresponding source following by added items

8. Implementation • Problems: - Searching relevant document by key word - Understand the content written by experts - Language-organizing and paraphrase to create item

9. Results • Summary list of guidelines added: - User Manual - After sale service - Voice Input - Voice Output - Currency Formatting - Number Formatting - Phone number formatting - Date formatting - Address format - Capitalization and lower - Terminology case - Graphics and Multimedia - Translation - Cultural Moral - User Interface considerations

10. 4.2.5 After Sale Service • The producer should handle the diversity of cultural linguistic accessibility in the after sale service of a product. There will be products that across countries with different culture and language. In that case, producer should have the responsibility to handle the after sale issue and make users get advantage of the service for the product • Note or Example: For example, people of immigrants  who are not familiar North America’s culture and weak on English bought a new product without instruction book in his language. The producer shall include easy contact information to provide after sale service or instruction book, or online service representative who will well understand the particular language even his national culture. •  Additional example: can't expect all people in a country to have fluency in its main language(s) • References: To make user satisfied based on CLA in significant. DocStoc represented that “After sale support is important whether it is provided by an outsourced Indian call center or an onshore call center”. “One key function of many these call centers is to provide after sales services”. • In addition, Management Study Guide pointed out that “After sales service plays an important role in customer satisfaction and customer retention. It generates loyal customers.” “Customers start believing in the brand and get associated with the organization for a longer duration. They speak good about the organization and its products.” Some techniques such as “Give them the necessary support. Help them install maintain or operate a particular product. Sales professionals selling laptops must ensure windows are configured in the system and customers are able to use net without any difficulty. ”

11. 4.3.1 Voice Input • If voice input is implemented, it should be adaptable to receive characters, strings or commands in the user language properly and correctly. Also it should be able to translate the information into text format. • Note or Example: Voice Recognition application developed by Microsoft need to detect and translate users’ input commands in Multilanguage such as English and Chinese should be both adaptable. • References: Alexander Waibei represented that “Multilinguality need not be textual only, but will take on spoken form, when information services are to extend beyond national boundaries, or across language groups” • Moreover, he said that “Similarly, spoken language understanding systems now exist that process spontaneously spoken queries, although only in limited task domains under benign recording conditions (high quality, single speaker, no noise).” • Then, Martine Adda-Decker gave the background: “The important progress achieved in speech recognition these last decades has led to successful demos using speech technology” from “Towards Multilingual Interoperability In Automatic Speech Recognition”

12. 4.3.11 Currency Formatting • Rule or modification of Currency format should be included. In particular, Currency symbol, currency symbol placement and negative-amount display shall be included and clarified. Include the annotation of different currency to make the format clear to be identified in appearance or unify the similar format. • Note or example: If you ask an American bank for an account that has both concurrent Canadian Dollar (CAD) and American Dollar (USD) balances, you will likely be given 2 separate account numbers. However in Europe, it is common that one account can have multiple currencies in the same way that one brokerage account can be used to buy multiple stocks. • references: Examples shown from Microsoft "Most currencies use the same decimal and thousands separator that the numbers in the locale use, but this is not always true. In some places in Switzerland, they use the period as a decimal separator for Swiss frans (Sfr. 127.54), but then use commas as the decimal separator everywhere else (127,54).“ • In addition, "Multi-currency users will not be satisfied to simply sort reports by a single currency. For example, a list showing account and balance in USD, immediately followed by account and balance in CAD, followed by more USD, then more CAD, etc."

13. 4.3.12 Number Formatting • Rule or convention used in handleing number formatting should be included. Formatting conventions for addresses vary widely from one country to another when dealing with numbers. Differences in the actual terms used when representing addresses should be handled. Annotation should be included in dealing with the differences of format of numbers to clarify so that it is reasonable to make users or producer clear to identify. • Note or Example: In English-speaking North America, 1 comma is added in between three digits while in Chinese number format is one comma in between four digits. International number formalling (SI) uses the comma as a decimal separator only and avoisds the point for the grouping of digits. • References: "When dealing with numeric values, there are six major items to pay attention to: 1.The character used as the thousands separator. 2. The character used as the decimal separator. 3. The way negative numbers are displayed. 4. The shape of the numbers, or whether they have a one-to-one correspondence to the decimal set of digits. 5. Digit grouping. 6. The placement of the percent sign (%)."

14. 4.4.1 Capitalization and lower case • Nuances between languages should be considered. In particular, capitalizing properly and include consideration of using lower case should be evaluated. Different languages will have various modalities of capitalization. Confusion should be avoided in dealing with capitalization and lower case (automatically switching or manually modification). • Note or example: In some languages, capitalization for a word might cause different meanings. • Microsoft gives an example:” In Russian, however, names of the days of the week are never capitalized–capitalizing the word for "Wednesday" changes the meaning to "environment," and capitalizing the word for "Sunday" changes the meaning to "resurrection."” • References: “First, some languages do not have a one–to–one mapping between their uppercase and lowercase characters. For instance, the uppercase equivalent of the German ß is "SS." Second, some characters have different mappings depending upon the language in which they are used” • Moreover, Wikipedia found that “Some sentence cases are not used in standard English, but are common in computer programming, as well as in product branding and in other specialised fields: Start case, Camel case, Snake case, studly caps, etc.”

15. 4.4.2 Terminology • The terminology indicated in multilingual environment should be handled as keeping consistency. Terminology is a key contributor to quality and consistency of the final multilingual content. In particular, if a terminology is appearance in any location of the product, the consistency of the terminology should be considered and implemented to easily make multilingual environment switchable, understandable and translatable (with same identification and implication). • Note or Example: Reaching to the same implication will become easy. Moravia noted that “It may not seem so at first, but a fully systematic approach to terminology management is a smart investment. Inevitably, it results in time and cost savings and other benefits such as higher linguistic quality and consistency, which ultimately lead to lower costs and shortened turnaround time during the localization process.” • References: Magus Merkel pointed out that “All translators agreed that terminology consistency was important. Twelve out of thirteen also, stated that sentences and phrases should be translated consistently and that the source text often shows too much variation” • Moreover: Moravia organization said “Like content, terminology is a major organizational asset. Efficient management of terminology is a key contributor to quality and consistency of the final multilingual content your company produces”

16. 4.7 Cultural Moral considerations • Cultural moral or ethical culture should be considered under legal consideration. In particular, they need to identify which product is suitable for all cultural moral. Any issue, perceived or obvious, relative to folk custom and traditions should be identified and recognized in the evaluation report. Any status which might cause conflict in cultural moral or ethical culture area being of an especially sensible society should be avoided. • Note or Example: There exists some product violates national cultural moral and natural language in some areas or countries while such product is somehow welcome and widely used in other regions. Thus, the product is more or less partially unacceptable in the world. Therefore, they need to avoid violating cultural ethic all over the world and doing speculation by complete research. • References: Swinyard, Rinne and KengKau’s research shows that “Asians willtend to base their moral decisions on the outcomes of the behaviour, while Americans will tend to base their moral decisions on the nature of the decision itself.” “As long as the personal computer has existed, software piracy has been an important issue.” • In addition, “Geeks find affinity with one another because they share an aiding moral imagination of the technical infrastructure, the Internet, that has allowed them to develop and maintain affinity in the first place.”

17. Conclusion (Further considerations) • Some items are potentials • Some items need to be revised • More items are considered • Some items are not suitable for original document • By some revised elaboration, might be useful for information technology product in CLA area