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Unit I: Italian & German Unification

Unit I: Italian & German Unification. What forces were unleashed by the Napoleonic Wars?. single language single culture single ethnic group well-defined territory sense of a shared past sense of a shared destiny c ommon enemy. Nationalism.

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Unit I: Italian & German Unification

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  1. Unit I:Italian & German Unification

  2. What forces were unleashed by the Napoleonic Wars?

  3. single language single culture single ethnic group well-defined territory sense of a shared past sense of a shared destiny common enemy Nationalism

  4. How can nationalism be both a positive and negative attribute?

  5. “Free from restraint” religious toleration constitutional monarchy limited suffrage freedom of press, speech & assembly no arbitrary arrest J.S. Mill - On Liberty tyranny of the majority On the Subjugation of Women legal subordination of women is wrong John Stuart Mill Liberalism

  6. 19th c Conservatism • Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism; became a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution. • Conservatives believed in order, the state, faith and tradition. • Support for conservatism: • traditional ruling class AND peasants

  7. 1846 – Communist Manifesto Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx violent “class struggle” would lead to socialism Anti-nationalism Anti-religion Engels Marx Marxism

  8. France – the Junes Days brought Louise Napoleon to power as President of the 2nd Republic Prussia – Frankfurt Assembly provided for universal male suffrage & no censorship; liberals divided over unification Austria – ethnic tensions (Hungarians) forced Metternich out; Russians put down Italy – Mazzini’s Young Italy movement crushed by Austria & France; liberals divided Barricades in Paris 1848

  9. Revolutions in 1848

  10. Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People

  11. German Confederation

  12. 1854-56: Britain & France against Russia commercial interests in the Eastern Mediterranean power vacuum in the Balkans Legacy: Russia humiliated, Austria isolated & Britain disillusioned F. Nightingale & nursing set the stage for Italian & German unification Charge of the Light Brigade The Crimean War

  13. Florence Nightingale

  14. What were the obstacles to Italian unification in 1848?

  15. 1848: Mazzini’s Young Italy failed; the Piedmont’s Cavour took the lead 1859: Cavour made a deal w/ France, unified the north, but then Napoleon III backed out 1860: Garibaldi’sRed Shirts took control of the Two Sicilies & headed north 1866: Venetia from Austria 1870: Rome from France Italian Unification

  16. Count Camillo Cavour Giuseppi Garibaldi

  17. Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour and Garibaldi.

  18. What were the obstacles to German unification in 1848?

  19. German Confederation

  20. 1848: Frankfurt Assembly failed Prussia took the lead Hapsburgs kept liberals divided Zollverein helped economy prosper 1861: Bismarck appointed chancellor a Junker and former ambassador an opportunist; embraced Realpolitik an authoritarian who “bent” laws 1864: Danish War annexed Schleswig-Holstein 1866: Austro-Prussian War formed North German Confederation Otto von Bismarck German Unification

  21. Zollverein, 1834

  22. Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan 1870: Franco-Prussian War Bavaria had Catholic (French) roots; Ems Dispatch France humiliated; 5 billion in reparations, lost Alsace- Lorraine and forced a weak Third Republic Germany was united; France was left seething for revenge! German Unification

  23. Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan German soldiers “abusing”the French

  24. Wilhelm I’s Coronation of the Second Reich at Versailles

  25. German Imperial Flag

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