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Dive into the fascinating concepts of Earth's seasons, heat transfer, energy, and celestial wonders like eclipses and black holes. Discover how these phenomena shape our planet and the universe.
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Temperature and Heat Transfer • Temperature- the average speed of atoms and molecules • Heat- energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature • Radiation- energy from the sun travels through the space and the atmosphere in the form of a wave (electromagnetic waves)
Energy • Energy- the ability to do work (push, pull, lift) on some form of matter. • Potential energy- the potential for work/object at rest (mass x gravity x height) • Kinetic energy- energy of a moving object (half of mass x velocity squared)
Shortwave Radiation • Scattering (twinkling) • Albedo- reflection of light • Blue skies, red skies, and white clouds • Selective scattering of incoming solar radiation causes reflections of the colors our eyes detect
Why the Earth Has Seasons • Earth revolves in elliptical path around the sun every 365.25 days • Earth rotates counterclockwise or eastward every 24 hours • Earth- closest to Sun (147 million km) in January, farthest from Sun (152 million km) in July • Distance not the only factor impacting seasons
Seasons & Day Length • Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere • Summer solstice: June 21, Sun directly above Tropic of Cancer, Northern Hemisphere days greater than 12 hours • Winter solstice: December 21, Sun directly above Tropic of Capricorn, Northern Hemisphere days less than 12 hours • Autumnal and Spring Equinox: September 22, March 20, Sun directly above Equator, all locations have a 12 hour day
Why the Earth Has Seasons • The amount of energy that reaches the Earths surface is influence by the distance from the Sun, the solar angle, and the length of daylight. • When the Earth tilts toward the sun in summer, higher solar angles and longer days equate to high temperatures.
Observation: Particles and Aurora • Solar wind or plasma is charged traveling through space from sun to Earth • Solar wind interacts with Earth’s magnetosphere and creates auroras • Aurora borealis (north) • Aurora australis (south)
The Northern Lights The Southern Lights
Black Holes • Video Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvKuJoQ1TME
Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram • Charts stars’ luminosity, temperature, and magnitude • Does not chart location
Astronomy Review Words • Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. It can be defined as a change in direction of the rotation axis in which the nutation is constant… (a change in the wobble-nutation or barycenter) • Nutation is a rocking, swaying, or nodding motion in the axis of rotation of a largely axially symmetric object (the Earth’s wobble)
Barycenter The center of mass of two or more bodies, usually bodies orbiting around each other, such as the Earth and the Moon. (the natural balance like skating or spinning with a partner) • Coma- head of a comet • Supernova- explosion of a star • Black Hole- an object in space so dense it has massive gravitational pull on other objects
Thermal- heat • Lunar- Moon • Solar-Sun • Terrestrial- land • Revolution- elliptical (oval) orbit/path around the sun (365.25 days) • Rotation- 1 day (24 hrs) of spinning on axis (tilt 23.5 degree angle)
Spinning Times… • Circumference at the equator is 25,000 miles. Earth rotates in about 24 hours- if you hang above the surface of the Earth at the equator without moving, you would see 25,000 mi pass by in 24 hours, at a speed of 25000/24 or just over 1000 miles per hour. • Earth is also moving around the Sun about 67,000 miles per hour.
