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Explore the post-War of 1812 era in America with the rise of nationalism, industrial revolution, regional economies, and political changes. Learn about key historical events, economic developments, and the push for national unity.
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Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816-1832
Chapter 7 issues After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. New national bank was chartered, and Supreme Court decisions strengthened the federal government. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry proposed in the North, while an agricultural economy dependent on slavery grew strong in the South. Regional differences began to define political life.
The North and South developed different economic systems that would lead to political differences between the regions. • Even today different regions of the country continue to have differing political and economic interests. • During the 19th century new approaches such as interchangeable parts would revolution industry by taken work from the homes and from artisans and placing them in factories.
Factories would become the new centers of industry. • The factory system made mass production the production of goods in large quantities. • Changes in manufacturing brought about the Industrial Revolution to America. • The Industrial Revolution actually began in Great Britain. • The primary source of income in America after the War of Independence was trade not manufacturing.
Two events the passage of the Embargo 1807 and the War of 1812 turned the attention of Americans toward the development of domestic industries. • What effects did the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 have on Americans involved in shipping and foreign trade? • Shipping and trade came to a standstill, causing people who worked in these interests to seek other kinds of work and invest in other businesses.
Probably nowhere else in the nation was the push to invest industry as great as in New England. • In 1793 a British immigrant named Samuel Slater had established in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the first successful mechanized textile factory in America. • Using plans from an English mill Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Massachusetts, and outfitted it with power machinery.
Northeasterners prompted by changing economic conditions, invested their capital in factories and manufacturing operations. • Southerners on the other hand had begun to reap huge profits from cotton by the mid-1790s. • The North and South continued to develop two distinct economies including very different agricultural systems.
By the 1700s slavery was dying out in the North. • Why was slavery abolished in the North? • Farmers didn’t need slaves to run their farms, which serviced the immediate areas. Many Northerners voiced opposition to slavery due to religious and political sentiments. • Eli Whitney’s invention of a cotton gin in 1793 had helped to set the South on a different course of development from the North.
President Madison’s plan included three major points: • Developing transportation systems and other internal improvements • Establishing a protective tariff • Resurrection of the National Bank • Speaker of the House Henry Clay began to promote Madison’s plan as the American System. • The Tariff of 1816 was the first tariff intended more for protecting American industry against foreign competition than for generating revenue.
American Nationalism • Americans will develop powerful feelings of patriotism and national unity after the War of 1812. • James Monroe would become the president. • The Columbian Centinal a Boston newspaper declared this time the “Era of Good Feelings.” • A strong sense of national pride made Americans feel good about their country. • The absence of a second political party ensured more cooperation.
There was harmony in national politics with the Republicans being in control. • The Federalist had lost political influence and popularity. • The War of 1812 taught a new generation of Republican leaders that a stronger federal government was needed.
Economic Nationalism • American leaders prepared a program to bind the nation together. • What did these programs include? • A new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign countries and the building of roads and canals to help improve transportation. Why is this important? • Linked the country together
Republicans change their minds about a National Bank. • After the War of 1812 the government had borrowed money to pay for the war it was having to pay high interest rates. • Knowing these problems the Republicans changed their mind after the war. • In 1816 John C. Calhoun of South Carolina introduced a bill proposing a Second Bank of the United States.
Calhoun’s bill would be passed with the help of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. • The legislation gave the Bank the power to issue notes that would serve as a national currency and to control state banks.
Tariffs and Transportation • Another plan the Republicans had was to protect the manufacturers. • So what did Congress pass? • Tariff of 1816- unlike other revenue tariffs which had provided income for the federal government . • What kind of tariff was it? • Protective tariff- designed to nurture American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices.
The Republicans wanted to improve the nation’s transportation system. • In 1816 Calhoun sponsored a federal internal improvement plan but Madison would veto the plan arguing that spending money to improve transportation was not in the Constitution.
What were three examples of economic nationalism? • National Bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements • Who ruled on three important case that established the dominance of the nation over states and shaped the future American government? • John Marshall
Major Supreme Court Decisions 1801-1824 • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee- • Court can accept appeals of state court decisions and review state decisions that involve federal statues or treaties; asserted the Supreme Court’s sovereignty over state courts.
McCulloch v. Maryland • Upheld constitutionally of the Bank of the United States; doctrine of ”implied powers” provided Congress more flexibility to enact legislation. • Case concerned Maryland’s attempt to tax the Second Bank of the United States. • Taxing the national bank was a form of interference and therefore unconstitutional.
Gibbons v. Ogden • This case involved a company that had a state-granted monopoly over steamboat traffic in New York. The company tried to expand its monopoly to include traffic crossing the Hudson River to New Jersey, the matter went to court. Supreme Court declared this monopoly unconstitutional. • Court gave Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce.
Fletcher v. Peck • In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court ruled that a grant to a private land company was a contract within the meaning of the Contract Clause of the Constitution, and once made could not be repealed. In addition to establishing a strict interpretation of the Contract Clause, the case marked the first time the Supreme Court struck down a state law on constitutional grounds.
Cohens v. Virginia • Reasserted federal judicial authority over state courts; argued that when states ratified Constitution, they gave up some sovereignty to federal courts.
Marbury v. Madison • Declared congressional act unconstitutional ; Courts asserts power of judicial review.
National Diplomacy • The wave on nationalism storming the Congress and among the people of the United States. • Feeling proud and confident , the United States under President Monroe expanded its borders asserted itself on the world stage.
Jackson Invasion of Florida • Why was southerners upset with Spanish held Florida? • Runaway slaves fled there and Americans could not cross the border into Spanish territory. • Many of the Creek people had retreated into Florida as American settlers seized their lands.
These people took a new name for themselves called Seminole- meaning runaway or separatist. • The Seminoles would use Florida as a base to stage raids against American settlers in Georgia. • Spain was unable to control the border causing many Americans asking for help from the American Government.
As tensions heightened in the region, the Seminole leader Kinache warned a U.S. general to stay out of Florida. • In 1818 troops under the command of General Andrew Jackson would move into Florida.
After destroying several Seminole villages, Jackson disobeyed orders and seized the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and Pensacola. • He then removed the Spanish governor of Florida from power. • Furious Spanish demanded that Jackson be punished, President Monroe sided with the Spanish. • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams would defend Jackson.
Adams used this incident in Florida to put pressure on Spain to give up Florida to the United States. • Spain would ceded Florida to United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty 1819.
Monroe Doctrine • President Monroe declared in 1823 declared that Americans continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” • The Monroe Doctrine marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of preventing great powers from intervening in Latin American affairs.
By 1824 all of Spain’s colonies on American mainland had declared their independence. • A group of European countries- Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia (later France) formed the Quadruple Alliance in an effort to suppress movements against monarchies in Europe.
Early Industry • Beginning in the early 1800s revolution in transportation and industry brought great changes to the North.
A Revolution in Transportation • The Erie Canal was a striking example of a revolution in transportation that swept through the Northern States in the early 1800s. • This would led to dramatic social and economic changes. • Proposed in 1808 and completed in 1825, the canal links the waters of Lake Erie in the west to the Hudson River in the east. An engineering marvel when it was built, some called it the Eighth Wonder of the World.
Erie Canal • In order to open the country west of the Appalachian Mountains to settlers and to offer a cheap and safe way to carry produce to a market, the construction of a canal was proposed as early as 1768. However, those early proposals would connect the Hudson River with Lake Ontario near Oswego. It was not until 1808 that the state legislature funded a survey for a canal that would connect to Lake Erie. Finally, on July 4, 1817, Governor Dewitt Clinton broke ground for the construction of the canal. In those early days, it was often sarcastically referred to as "Clinton's Big Ditch". When finally completed on October 26, 1825, it was the engineering marvel of its day. It included 18 aqueducts to carry the canal over ravines and rivers, and 83 locks, with a rise of 568 feet from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It was 4 feet deep and 40 feet wide, and floated boats carrying 30 tons of freight. A ten foot wide towpath was built along the bank of the canal for horses, mules, and oxen led by a boy boat driver or "hoggee".
Roads and Turnpikes • As early as 1806 the nation took the first step toward a transportation revolution when Congress funded the building of a major East-West highway the National Road. • In 1811 laborers started cutting the roadbed westward from the Potomac River atCumberland, Maryland by 1818 the roadway had reached Wheeling, Virginia on the Ohio River.
Jefferson and his successors believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and doubted that the federal government had the power to fund roads and other “internal improvements.” • The National Road marked the start of a federal campaign to improve transportation. • It turned out to be the only great federally funded transportation project of its time. • By 1821 some 4000 miles of toll roads had been built mainly connecting eastern cities.
Steamboats and Canals • What offered a far faster, more efficient, and cheaper way to move goods than roads? • Rivers • A barge could hold many wagonloads of grain and coal. • Yet how could they move? • Only with the current/downstream.
In 1807 Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston stunned the nation when the Clermontchugged 150 miles up the Hudson River from New York to Albany in 32 hours.
Robert Fulton Often credited with inventing the steamboat, Robert Fulton was actually the man who put the design into practice. As a young man, Fulton dreamed of becoming a painter and went to Paris to study. His commissions were few, and he turned to engineering and inventions. In Paris, Fulton designed an experimental submarine, which caught the eye of Robert Livingston, then the wealthy American ambassador to France. Livingston convinced Fulton to return to the United States and concentrate on steamboat design
The Clermont Steamboat • A note about the name Clermont: Although the history books show the name of Robert Fulton’s first steamboat as Clermont, there is no contemporary historical record showing that Fulton ever used this name. Fulton’s own description of his first voyage beginning August 17, 1807, refers to his boat as “my steamboat,” and “my experiment.” Since this was the only steamboat in existence, there was no confusion about the name.
Steamboat • The steamboat made river travel more reliable and upstream travel easier. • By 1850 over 700 steamboats, traveled along the nation’s waterways. • The growth of river travel- and the success of the Erie Canal – spurred a wave of canal building throughout the country.
What is the “Iron Horse?” • Another mode of transportation – railroads would appear in the early 1800s. • What were the two advantages of trains over other kind of transportation in the 1800s? 1. Trains traveled much faster than stagecoaches or wagons. 2. Could go anywhere track could be laid.
A wealthy, self-educated industrialist Peter Cooper built an American engine based on the ones developed in Great Britain.
Peter Cooper • The Tom Thumb was designed and built by Peter Cooper in 1830. • The Tom Thumb was the first American-built steam locomotive to be operated on a common-carrier railroad. • It carried 40 men and women traveled at the incredible speed of 10 mph along 13 miles of track between Baltimore and Ellicott City, Maryland.
The new machines did not win universal favor. • Some said the trains were not only dangerous and uncomfortable but dirty and ugly. “It is the Devil’s own invention,” declared on critic. • Between 1830 and 1861 more than 30,000 miles of railroads were built. • This would increase the production of coal and iron.
New System of Production • Along with dramatic changes in transportation, a revolution occurred in business and industry. • The Industrial Revolution which began in Britain in the middle 1700s consisted of several basic developments. • Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to large complex machines. 1/2/4