Animal Science 511

1. Animal Science 511 A survey class to expose many of you to the possible opportunities of veterinary medicine you may not be familiar with. Food animals make up the vast majority of animals in the world. Major issues today are food safety and HACCP - Vets are very involved. Its been evolving for 16 years so far.

2. Charge to lecturers Gestation Periods Reproductive management/breeding cycles Prevalent genetic disorders/diseases Major anatomical differences if any Special nutritional needs if any Special housing needs if any Special tempt, lighting, etc. if any Important breeds Number of animals in Michigan/USA

3. Economic value/importance of the industry Important organizations / associations Where the Vet fits into the industry

5. Agricultureis the oldest and largest industry in the world, yet it is very recent. Approximately 1/2 of the world’s people are employed by agriculture. Industrialized(developed): 3-5% work directly with agriculture (plants and animals) 20% work indirectly - machinery, fertilizers, processing, packaging, retailing, etc. etc.

6. Developing Countries:60 to 70% work directly with plants (crops) and animals. Humanoids have been around forabout amillion years. Horticulture- 12 to 15 thousand years ago. Domestication of Animals- 10 to 14thousand years ago. Spent 99.9% of our history as Nomads and Hunters and Wanderers.

7. What happened and why??? Most is speculation, but: 1. World Population is increasing 2. Knowledge/evolution - New Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age 3. ~14,000 years ago, the continental ice sheets start to melt, 11,000 years ago, end of the PLEISTOCENE - Global climate warms People gather in groups and settlements form.

8. Domestication(different than taming a wild animal) is a lengthy process Take a wild species and improve it through careful selection, mating, and handling so that its products or services become more useful to Humans. Humans also control the breeding of the animal. This definition excludes animals in zoos and circuses and many experimental animals.

9. Oldest evidences of domestication are in Lebanon and Palestine and S.E. Asia - No ice for the last 100,000 years, but it was cold.

10. From fossils and archeologically excavated graves, occurred independently at several places around the world China, North Palestine and Idaho. First animal to be domesticated was the DOG Happened approx. 14,000 years ago. Derived only from the Identical Chromosomes and can freely cross. WOLF

11. Sheep and Goats Used primarily for food and skins - tents and other shelter. 11,000 years ago. Southwest Asia.

12. Pigs S.W. Asia, 8500 years ago Northern China, 6000 years ago Egypt and parts of Europe All appear independent of each other.

13. Cattle 7 - 8 thousand years ago. 1st were AUROCHS - wild cattle - were religious figures - see in cave art in S. W. Europe. Cattle were worshipped. Today, in many religions, cattle are sacred - Not to be killed or eaten - reincarnation. Hill People of Eastern India - Sacred Mitan Primarily for sacrifice.

14. Horses Donkeys At least 5000 years ago. S. W. Asia and N. E. Africa primarily pack animals and riding. 4 - 6 thousand years ago Transportation, pulling carts and food!

15. Chickens 5000 years ago in India - Jungle Fowl Primarily for sport - COCKFIGHTING moved north and west to Persia and Greece. Cockfighting is still big business!!! Used as a symbol of power and virility. Used as food - much later.

16. Cats Are really docile wild animals that tolerate humans and expect you to feed them. 3000 - 3500 years ago in EGYPT. From the African Wild Cat ~ identical to domestic “tabby” Probably used to control rodents in grain storage areas - pest control.

17. Lots of other animals: Alpaca/Vicuna Ducks - China Geese - Greece and Italy Turkey - North America and Mexico Bees - old and new world Fish - 3000 years ago

18. Historically, animal herding has been indicative of superiority of one tribe over another. Also, great livestock countries of the world have supported the most advanced civilizations and have been the most powerful.

19. Why Superior??? Early uses of animals: Food, Companionship, Clothing Bones for Tools Dung - fertilizer, fuel and entertainment Transportation and Draft Entertainment Religious offerings (both satanic and deity) Decorations

20. Modern uses of Animals and products: Pharmaceuticals - insulin, heparin, renin, hormones, etc. Fuel - oils and dung, Fertilizer Oils, fats, greases, fatty acids Rubber Plasticizers Paint, Varnish, Inks Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals Industrial Oils Explosives

21. Gelatin, Glue Sutures and Gut Hair brushes and Paint brushes Footballs, baseballs, sports equipment Leather Products Animal Feed Blood meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, dog and cat food

22. 4 Acts of the Unites States Congress that have played a big part in Animal Agriculture 1. 1862 - Morrill Act - established a land grant school in each state to teach agriculture (68 total) 2. 1887 - Hatch Act - established agricultureexperiment stations - usually at the land grant school or agricultural research.

23. 3. 1914 - Smith Lever Act - Provide fundingfor the county agent system under the direction of the land grant colleges. To getresearch information to people on farms. 4. 1917 - Smith Hughs Act - Funding for studies in Vocational Agriculture, VocationalHome Economics and for education in tradeand industry (i.e. producing teachers).

25. Population Trends Beginning to 0 1/4 billion 1600 1/2 billion 1830 1 billion 1950 2.5 billion 1987 5 billion 2000 > 6 billion

26. World has a 1.8% annual growth rate. Population doubles every 42 years. USA - 0.6%Japan - 0.7% Belgium, Hungary, Sweden, Gr. Britain - 0.5% Africa - 2.9% (24 years to double) (??? AIDS)Latin America - 2.7 to 3.0 %

27. Underdeveloped countries are growing fastest - have least food available. > 40% of world population is less than 15 years old.

28. What caused the increase in Population growth??? #1 - Removal or reduction of diseases. Malaria, Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Cholera, etc. People live longer – Produce more offspring

29. What is the world’s #1 health problem? Malnutrition Approximately 20 million people die per year of starvation.

30. World food production is inadequate to provide a balanced diet to all people. We can probably meet the caloric needs, but adequate protein is the problem. Protein is required for maintenance and function of body tissues, growth, disease recovery, pregnancy, lactation, maturation, etc.

31. Supplies of protein are particularly scarce and costly for most developing nations. Many have poor production and poor distribution systems, Politics. “Crops” 84% of calories 65% of protein Animals/fish 16% of calories (milk, meat, eggs) 35% of protein

32. Developed countries derive 35 to 50 % of their calories from animals and animal products.

33. In the US, ruminants do not compete with humans for food. Other countries (India), yes they do compete. Cattle consume forage, pasture and roughage - a significant way to utilize rough, hilly land where crop production is impractical. Ruminants utilize cellulose - humans cannot.

34. USA is the world’s largest exporter of Agricultural products ~ 40% of crop production ~20% of animal products production to 130 countries 40 Billion $$$ in Value. Also, largest supplier of live animals for export (dairy, beef, swine) for breeding animals/ genetic improvement of foreign stocks

35. Animals in the world Chickens 12 billion Swine 875 million Turkeys 400 million Ducks 700 million Horses 60 million

36. Ruminants Cattle 1.29 billion Sheep 1.16 billion Goats 610 million Buffalo 150 million Camels 20 million Llamas 13 million Yaks 13 million

37. 20 + other species produce 6.5 Billion pounds of edible protein per year. Deer Elk Kangaroo Rabbit Guinea Pig – 5% of Peru meat product Capybara Fowl (goose, guinea fowl, pigeon) Other wild game

38. Soviet Union produces over 110 million pounds of Reindeer meat each year.

39. Meat is important as Food for 2 reasons: The AMINO ACID makeup of the protein very closely matches the needs of the human body – much better than the amino acid make up of plant proteins. Vegetarians: need to consume complimentary proteins

40. 2nd reason: Vitamin B12 – needed for good health – not available from any plant sources, only from animal proteins and some fermentation products (yeast). Macrocytic anemia with megaloblastic marrowNeurological disturbancesReduced Growth

41. Spectator sports 1. Horse Racing 79 million 2. Baseball 56.3 million 3. Auto Racing 52 million 7. Dog Racing 21 million – only legal in 10 states Pro football, Hockey, Basketball, etc.