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The First Muslims: Rise of Islam and the Arab Empire

Explore the beginnings of Islam, the life and teachings of Muhammad, the creation of the Arab Empire, and the influence of Islamic civilization in society.

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The First Muslims: Rise of Islam and the Arab Empire

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  1. Chapter Nine Islam and the Arab Empire

  2. Lesson One The First Muslims

  3. The Middle East

  4. The Modern Middle East

  5. World Religions Today

  6. Muslims in the U.S. Today

  7. I. The Arabs A) organized into tribes to help one another; ruled by a sheikh B) lived as farmers and sheepherders on the Arabian Peninsula

  8. Arabian Peninsula

  9. The Arabs 1. towns developed along the trade routes b/w the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean

  10. The Arabs C) Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham who were believed to have built at Mecca the Kaaba, a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the ‘Black Stone’

  11. “Father Abraham” Abraham casts out Hagar and Ishmael

  12. The Kaaba

  13. II. Life & Teachings of Muhammad A) Muhammad was a caravan manager who was troubled by the gap b/w rich and poor

  14. Muhammad 1. Muhammad meditated and received revelations from God (Allah); message was given by the angel Gabriel

  15. Qu’ran 2. from these revelations, the Qu’ran is written, the holy book of Islam

  16. Qu’Ran

  17. Muhammad B) Muhammad and his supporters moved from Mecca to Medina in hopes of gathering strength and more converts

  18. Muhammad Moves to Medina

  19. Muhammad • very successful in Medina; Muhammad grew into a religious and political leader • Muhammad also built an army to defend the Muslims; returned and attacked Mecca in 630

  20. Muhammad Delivers His Final Sermon

  21. Muhammad C) Muhammad is not considered divine, like Jesus, but a prophet and a man like other men; but one who received the direct words and wishes of Allah

  22. D) Five Pillars of Islam: • “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” • Pray five times a day, facing Mecca

  23. Five Pillars of Islam 3. Giving alms to the poor

  24. Five Pillars of Islam 4. Refraining from food and drink from sunrise to sunset through the holy month of Ramadan

  25. Five Pillars of Islam 5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life (hajj)

  26. The Hajj

  27. The Hajj

  28. Five Pillars of Faith

  29. Shari’ah E) the shari’ah – a law code produced by Muslim scholars to regulate the lives of Muslims

  30. Shari’ah • regulates business practice, gov’t, moral code • does not separate religious matters from civil or political law

  31. Lesson Two The Arab Empire And the Caliphates

  32. I. Creation of an Arab Empire A) Abu Bakr is chosen as the successor to Muhammad (caliph) for Muslims Abu Bakr

  33. Jihad • the Qu’ran permitted jihad – “struggle in the way of God” • Islamic Empire expands throughout North Africa, Persia, and Byzantium

  34. Expansion of Islam

  35. The Umayyads B) the Umayyads – conquered and converted the Berbers in North Africa, and together attacked Spain; by 725, most of Spain was Muslim

  36. The Umayyads

  37. Who is Heir to the Throne? C) in-fighting still occurred over who was the rightful heir to the Muslim throne; a split occurs w/in the faith:

  38. Who is Heir to the Throne? • Shia– Muslims accept only the descendants of Muhammad as the true rulers of Islam • Sunni – Muslims who did not agree w/ Umayyad but who accepted them as rulers; majority in the Muslim world

  39. Modern Day Sunni/Shia Split

  40. Abbasid Dynasty D) in 750, Abu Al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up the Abbasid dynasty, which lasted until 1258 Abu al-Abbas

  41. The Abbasids 1. the Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad

  42. The Abbasids • this new location was ideal to take advantage of trade routes b/w East and West • Abbasids unable to keep the empire united; by 973, the Muslims were splintered politically

  43. II. The Seljuk Turks A) the Turks were hired mercenaries for the Muslims who eventually took over the Abbasid Empire

  44. Seljuk Turks

  45. Seljuk Turks 1. in 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire and adopted the title sultan

  46. Seljuk Turks 2. as the new Turkish Empire expanded north, the Byzantine Empire appeals to western Europe for help against the Turks

  47. Lesson Three Islamic Civilization

  48. I. Islamic Society A) although Allah stressed equality for all peoples, the Islamic social structure did treat people differently:

  49. Islamic Society • well-defined upper class of gov’t officials, nomadic elite, and wealthy merchants • slaves were imported from Africa and Asia

  50. Islamic Women 3. women were often secluded in their homes and kept from social contact w/ men outside their own families

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