Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Cell Division • Cancer

2. - Photosynthesis Sources of Energy • Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.

3. - Photosynthesis The Photosynthesis Process Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.

4. - Photosynthesis The Two Stages of Photosynthesis • During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.

5. - Photosynthesis Sequencing • Sequence is the order in which the steps in a process occur. As you read, create a flowchart that shows the steps in photosynthesis. Put each step in a separate box in the flowchart in the order in which it occurs. Steps in Photosynthesis Sunlight strikes leaf. Chlorophyll captures light energy. Cells use the energy to produce sugars and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.

6. - Photosynthesis Photosynthesis • Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.

7. End of Section:Photosynthesis

8. - Respiration Two Stages of Respiration • During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.

9. - Respiration Photosynthesis and Respiration • You can think of photosynthesis and respiration as opposite processes.

10. - Respiration Using Prior Knowledge • Your prior knowledge is what you already know before you read about a topic. Before you read, write a definition of respiration in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, revise your definition based on what you learn. What You Know Respiration is when an organism breathes in oxygen because oxygen is needed by cells. What You Learned Respiration also means the process in which cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.

11. - Respiration Respiration • Click the Video button to watch a movieabout respiration.

12. - Respiration Links on Cellular Respiration • Click the SciLinks button for links on cellular respiration.

13. End of Section:Respiration

14. - Cell Division Mitosis • During mitosis, the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.

15. - Cell Division The Cell Cycle

16. - Cell Division Cell Cycle Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the cell cycle.

17. - Cell Division Length of the Cell Cycle • How long does it take for a cell to go through one cell cycle? It all depends on the cell. A human liver cell, for example, completes one cell cycle in about 22 hours, as shown in the graph. Study the graph and then answer the following questions.

18. The longest curved arrow represents the cell’s interphase; the shortest represents cytokinesis; and the middle one represents mitosis. Reading Graphs: What do the three curved arrows outside the circle represent? - Cell Division Length of the Cell Cycle

19. Interphase Reading Graphs: In what stage of the cell cycle is the wedge representing growth? - Cell Division Length of the Cell Cycle

20. 10 hours Interpreting Data: In human liver cells, how long does it take DNA replication to occur? - Cell Division Length of the Cell Cycle

21. Interphase Drawing Conclusions: In human liver cells, what stage in the cell cycle takes the longest time? - Cell Division Length of the Cell Cycle

22. - Cell Division Structure of DNA • The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder.

23. - Cell Division Replication of DNA • Because of the way in which the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule.

24. The Cell Cycle - Cell Division Sequencing • As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the events in the cell cycle, including the phases of mitosis. Write each even in a separate circle. Cell grows, makes a copy of DNA. Cell pinches in two; each daughter cell has same number of identical chromosomes. Chromosomes and spindle fibers form; nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes line up across the center and attach to a spindle fiber. Chromosomes stretch out; new nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes. Centromeres split; chromatids separate and move to opposite ends.

25. End of Section:Cell Division

26. - Cancer What Is Cancer? • Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.

27. - Cancer Previewing Visuals • When you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 17. Then write two questions you have about the illustrations in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. How Cancer Spreads Q. What is a tumor? A. A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. Q. How does cancer spread? A. Some of the tumor cells can break off and enter the bloodstream.

28. - Cancer Links on Cancer • Click the SciLinks button for links on cancer.

29. End of Section:Cancer

30. Graphic Organizer Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration Feature Photosynthesis Respiration Water and carbon dioxide Raw materials Oxygen and sugars Water and carbon dioxide Products Oxygen and sugars Is energy released? No Yes

31. End of Section:Graphic Organizer