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The Gains and Losses of International Trade

This chapter discusses the benefits of international trade, the impact of trade barriers, and the winners and losers in import and export markets. It also examines trade restrictions such as tariffs and quotas.

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The Gains and Losses of International Trade

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  1. International trade 2012

  2. Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain how a country can gain from international trade • Explain how markets enable us to reap the gains from international trade and identify its winners and losers • Explain the effects of international trade barriers • Explain the arguments used to justify trade

  3. The Gains from International Trade • Imports are the goods and services that we buy from people in other countries. • Exports are the goods and services we sell to people in other countries.

  4. Markets and the Distribution of Gains and Losses • An import • Australia is an importer in the market for cars • The market for cars without international trade is illustrated in figure 7.3(a) • The market for cars with international trade is illustrated in figure 7.3(b)

  5. Price with no trade Quantity Produced and consumed A Market With Imports Figure 7.3(a) Equilibrium without international trade 35 30 SA 25 Price (thousand of dollars per car) 20 15 DA 10 0 0.5 1.5 1.0 Quantity (millions of cars per year)

  6. Quantity Produced decreases Quantity Consumed increases Price falls World Price Quantity produced Imports Quantity consumed A Market With Imports Figure 7.3(b) Equilibrium in a market with imports 35 30 SA 25 Price (thousand of dollars per car) 20 15 DA 10 0 0.5 1.5 1.0 Quantity (millions of cars per year)

  7. b a Benefits of trade 15 Consumer goods 10 5 c 0 1 2 3 4 5 Capital goods)

  8. Markets and the Distribution of Gains and Losses • Winners and losers in an import market • By comparing consumer surplus and producer surplus with imports and without imports, consumers gain and producers lose

  9. Consumer surplus Producer surplus Gains and Losses in a Market With Imports Figure 7.4(a) Consumer and producer surplus without international trade 35 30 SA 25 Price (thousand of dollars per car) 20 Equilibrium with no international trade 15 DA 10 0 0.5 1.5 1.0 Quantity (millions of cars per year)

  10. Consumer Surplus expands Increase in total surplus from imports Producer Surplus shrinks Gains and losses in a Market With Imports Figure 7.4(b) Gains and losses from imports 35 30 SA 25 Price (thousand of dollars per car) 20 World Price 15 DA 10 0 0.5 1.5 1.0 Quantity (millions of cars per year)

  11. Markets and the Distribution of Gains and Losses • An Export • Australia is an exporter in the market for coal because our costs of production are lower that the world price. • Equilibrium without international trade is illustrated in figure 7.5(a) • Equilibrium with international trade is illustrated in figure 7.5(b)

  12. Price with no trade Quantity Produced and consumed A Market With Exports Equilibrium without international trade 100 SA 75 Price (dollars per tonne) 50 40 25 DA 0 200 300 100 Quantity (millions of tonnes per year)

  13. Consumption can increase Decrease, or remain the same - here it remains the same World Price Price rises Demand increases Quantity Produced Exports Quantity consumed A Market With Exports 125 Equilibrium in a market with exports 100 SA 75 Price (dollars per tonne) 50 40 25 DA DA 0 200 300 100 Quantity (millions of tonnes per year)

  14. Markets and the Distribution of Gains and Losses • Winners and losers in an export market • We can see who gains and who loses by looking at the changes to consumer surplus and producer surplus • Consumer surplus remains the same while producer surplus increases • Producers gain because they receive higher price, sell more and receive a larger producer surplus

  15. Consumer surplus Equilibrium with no international trade Producer surplus Gains and Losses in a Market With Exports Figure 7.6(a) Consumer and producer surplus without international trade 100 SA 75 Price (dollars per tonne) 50 40 25 DA 0 200 300 100 Quantity (millions of tonnes per year)

  16. Consumer surplus can increase decrease, or remain the same - here it remains the same Increase in total surplus From exports = D+E+F Producer Surplus expands Gains and Losses in a Market With Exports Figure 7.6(b) 125 The gains and losses from export 100 SA A F World Price 75 D E B Price (dollars per tonne) 50 40 C 25 DA DA 0 200 300 100 Quantity (millions of tonnes per year)

  17. International Trade Restrictions • Governments restrict international trade to protect domestic producers from competition by using three main tools: • Tariffs • Subsidies • Quotas

  18. International Trade Restrictions • A tariff is a tax that is imposed by the importing country when an imported good crosses its international boundary. • A subsidy is a payment made by a government to a domestic producer based on the quantity produced • A quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported • Today we will explore tariffs and quotas

  19. International Trade Restrictions • When Australia imposes a tariff on car imports: • The price of a car in rises. • The quantity of cars imported decreases. • The government collects the tariff revenue. • Producer surplus increases. • Consumer surplus decreases. • Total surplus decreases – a deadweight loss

  20. International Trade Restrictions • How subsidies work • A subsidy works just like a tax, but in the opposite direction. • A subsidy shifts the supply curve rightward, lowers the price, increase the quantity, and creates a deadweight loss from overproduction • If a subsidy is granted on an export or an import it changes the amount of international trade

  21. Sd Pd f i Pt Sw + t e j g h Sw D Impact of Tariffs Price Pw Quantity 0 a b q c d

  22. Impact of Tariffs (cont.) • Consumption loss • a measure of the benefit lost to consumers that is not captured by other elements in society • Production loss • the value of production lost to society • Deadweight loss • the reduction in the total level of welfare (or real incomes) across society due to tariff protection

  23. Impact of Tariffs (cont.) • Effects on foreign producers • income of foreign producers will fall • Government revenue • the government gains by obtaining tariff revenue • tariff revenue is essentially a transfer of income from consumers to government and does not represent any net change in the nation’s economic wellbeing

  24. Impact of Quotas Sd Price Pd f i PQ e j g h Sw Pw Dd Quantity 0 a b q c d

  25. Arguments for Protection • Military self-sufficiency argument • Increase domestic employment • Diversification for stability • Infant-industry argument • Cheap foreign labour argument • Anti-dumping • To counter lax environmental standards

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