International Center For Environmental Finance.

1. International Center For Environmental Finance. Environmental Finance Policy Presentation #?: Capital Budgeting Decisions

2. CAPITAL BUDGETING • Capital Budgeting is used to describe how managers plan projects that have long-term implications such as the purchase of new equipment and the introduction of new products or services. • Managers have many potential projects that can be funded, hence, they must carefully select those projects that promise the greatest future return.

3. Typical Capital Budgeting Decisions • Cost reduction decisions. Should new equipment be purchased to reduce costs? • Expansion decisions. Should a new plant, warehouse, or other facility be acquired or built to increase capacity and sales? • Equipment selection decisions. Which of several available machines would be the most cost effective purchase? • Lease or buy decisions. Should new equipment be leased or purchased ? • Equipment replacement decisions. Should old equipment be replaced now or later?

4. Discounted Cash Flow • There are two approaches to making capital budgeting decisions by means of discounted cash flow. • The net present value • The internal rate of return

5. The Net Present Value Method • Net present value is the difference between an investment’s market value and its cost. • In other words, net present value is a measure of how much value is created or added today by undertaking an investment, which will determine whether or not the project is an acceptable investment.

6. The Net Present Value Method Example 1 Moscow City Vodokanal is considering the purchase of a machine that will bring cash revenues of $20,000 per year. Cash costs (including taxes) will be $14,000 per year. The life of the machine is 8 years and its salvage cost will be $2,000. The project cost $30,000 to launch. We will use 15% discount rate. • Should the machine be purchased? • If there are 1,000 shares of stock outstanding, what will be the effect on price per share for taking this investment?

7. The Net Present Value Method • It may appear that the answer is obvious, since we pay only $30,00 for revenue of 8x($20,000-$14,000)+$2,000=$50,000 • However, it is not that obvious. To see if this investment is acceptable we have to perform Net Present Value Analysis

8. The Net Present Value Method • We need to calculate the present value of the future cash flows at 15 percent. • The net cash inflow will be $20,000 cash income less $14,000 in costs per year for eight years. • We have an eight-year annuity of $20,000-$14,000=$6,000 per year, along with a single lump-sum inflow of $2,000 in eight years.

9. The Net Present Value Method

10. The Net Present Value Method Present Value = $6,000x[1-(1/1.158)/0.15+ +(2,000/1.158)=($6,000 x 4.4873)+ +(2,000/3.0590)=$26,924+654= =$27,578 When we compare this to the $30,000 estimated cost ,we se that the NPV is: NPV=-$30,000 + 27,578 = -$2,422 Therefore, this is not a good investment

11. The Net Present Value Method • Now, lets answer the question regarding how this investment affect the value of our stock. • It will decrease the total value of our stock by $2,422. With 1,000 shares outstanding, we should expect a loss of value of $2,422/1,000 = $2,42 per share

12. The Net Present Value Method Summary:

13. The Net Present Value Method Example 2 Now let us consider an example that has different cash inflows in different periods. • Suppose we are asked to decide whether or not a new consumer service product should be launched. • Based on projected sales and costs, we expect that the CF over the 5 year life of the project will be $2,000 in the first two years, $4,000 in the next two, and $5,000 in the last year. • It will cost $10,000 to begin operation and we use 10% discount rate. WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

14. The Net Present Value Method • Given the cash flows and discount rate, we can calculate the total value of the product by discounting the cash flows back to the present. Present Value = ($2,000/1.1) + (2,000/1.12) + + (4,000/1.13) + (4,000/1.14) + (5,000/1.15)= = $1,818 + 1,653 + 3,005 + 2,732 + 3,105 = = $12,313 NPV = $12,313 – 10,000 - $2,313

15. Importance of Cash Flows • Although, the accounting net income figure is useful for many things, it is not used in discounted cash flow analysis. • The reason is that accounting net income is based on accrual concepts that ignore the timing of cash flows into and out of an organization. • The timing of cash flows is important, since a dollar received today is more valuable than a dollar received in the future. • Therefore, instead of determining accounting net income, the manager must concentrate on identifying the specific cash flows associated with an investment project.

16. Cash Outflows • Most projects will have an immediate cash outflow in the form of an initial investment in equipment or other assets. • In addition, some projects require expansion of the working capital. • Also, many projects require periodic repairs and maintenance and additional periodic costs – these should be treated as cash outflows.

17. Cash Outflows Cash Outflows: • Initial investment • Increased working capital needs • Repairs and maintenance • Incremental operating costs

18. Cash Inflows • Any sound project will normally either increase revenues or reduce costs. And the amount involved should be treated as a cash inflow. • Cash inflows are also frequently realized from salvage of equipment when the project is terminated. • Also, upon termination of a project, any working capital that was tied up to the project can be released to for use elsewhere and should be trayed as cash inflow.

19. Cash Inflows Cash Inflows: • Incremental revenues • Reduction in costs. • Salvage value • Release of working capital

20. Choosing a Discount Rate • To use the net present value method, we must choose some rate of return for discounting cash flows to their present value. • The firm’s cost of capital is usually regarded as the most appropriate choice for the discount rate. • The cost of capital is the average rate of return the company must pay to its long term creditors for the use of their funds.

21. Extended Example of the NPV Method Example 3 • GorVodokanal has an opportunity to offer new service to an industrial client, but has to purchase supplies and equipment from a chemical manufacturer in order to provide that service. • The contract between all 3 parties is for 5 years with an option for renew. • GorVodokanal is responsible for all costs of promotion and distribution of its new service. • After careful study, GorVodokanal has estimated that the following costs and revenues would be associated with the new service:

22. Extended Example of the NPV Method

23. Extended Example of the NPV Method • At the end of the five-year period, the working capital would be released for investment elsewhere if contract will not be renewed. • GorVodokanal’s discount rate and cost of capital is 20%. • Would you recommend that GorVodokanal undertakes this project?

24. Extended Example of the NPV Method

25. Extended Example of the NPV Method

26. Extended Example of the NPV Method • *From Present Value and ^Present Value of an Annuity Tables • Notice how working capital is handled in this exhibit. It is counted as a cash outflow at the beginning of the project and as a cash inflow when it is released at the end of the project.

27. Discounted Cash Flows –The Internal Rate of Return Method

28. The Internal Rate of Return Method • The internal rate of return (IRR) method can be defined as the interest yield promised by an investment project over its useful life. • The IRR is computed by finding the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s cash outflows with the present value of its cash inflows. • In other words, the IRR is that discount rate that will cause the NPV of a project to be equal zero.

29. The Internal Rate of Return Method Example 4 • GorVodokanal is considering the purchase of automatic water purification machine. At present, water is purified in a small labor intensive machine. • The new machine would cost 16,950 and will have a useful life of 10 years. • The new machine would do the job much more quickly and would result in labor savings of $3,000 per year

30. The Internal Rate of Return Method

31. The Internal Rate of Return Method • To compute IRR promised by the new machine, we must find the discount rate that will cause NPV of the project to be zero. • To do that, we need to divide the investment in the project by the expected net annual cash inflow. This computation will give us a factor from which the IRR can be determined.

32. The Internal Rate of Return Method • Thus, from our computations, the discount factor that will equate a series of $3,000 cash inflows with a present investment of $16,950 is 5.65. • Now, we need to find this factor in Present Value of an Annuity Table to see what rate of return it represents. • We should use the 10 period line in Present Value of an Annuity Table since the cash flows for the project continue for 10 years.

33. Present Value of an Annuity Table

34. The Internal Rate of Return Method • As we can see from Present Value of Annuity Table the internal rate of return promised by the water purification machine project is 12%. • We can verify this by computing the project’s net present value using a 12% discount return

35. The Internal Rate of Return Method

36. The Internal Rate of Return Method • Once the IRR has been computed, what does the manager should do with the information? • The IRR should be compared to the company’s required rate of return, which is the minimum rate of return that an investment project must yield to be acceptable. • If the IRR is equal or greater than the required rate of return, then the project is acceptable. • If the IRR is less than the required rate of return, then the project is rejected.

37. The NPV of Return Method • The NPV method can be used to compare competing investment projects in two ways. • total-cost approach • incremental-cost approach

38. The Total Cost Approach Example 5 • GorVodokanal has one of its pipe networks in poor condition. This pipe network can be renovated at an immediate cost of $20,000. Further repairs and maintenance will be needed five years from now at a cost of $8,000. In all, this pipe network will be usable for 10 years if this work is done. At the end of 10 years, the pipe network will be scrapped at a salvage value of $6,000. The scrap value now is $7,000. It will cost $30,000 each year to operate pipe network, and revenues will total $40,000 annually

39. The Total Cost Approach • Alternative: GorVodokanal can purchase a new pipe network at a cost of $36,000. The new pipe network will have a life of 10 years and will require some repairs at the end of 5 years and will amount to $3,000. At the end of 10 years, it is estimated that the scrap value would be $6,000. It will cost $21,000 each year to operate the pipe network, and revenues will total $40,000 annually. • GorVodokanal requires a return of at least 18% on all investment capital.

40. The Total Cost Approach

41. The Total Cost Approach

42. The Total Cost Approach

43. The Total Cost Approach

44. The Incremental Cost Approach • When only two alternatives are being considered, the incremental cost approach offers a simpler and more direct decision. • Unlike the total cost approach, it focuses only on differential costs.

45. The Incremental Cost Approach

46. The Ranking of Investment Projects • When considering investment opportunities, managers must make two types of decisions: • screening, and • preference decisions. • Screening decisions pertain whether or not proposed investments are acceptable. • Preference decisions come after screening decisions and attempt to rank selected projects in terms of preference.

47. The Ranking of Investment Projects Internal rate of Return Method • When using IRR to rank competitive investment projects, the preference rule is: The higher the IRR, the more desirable the project. • For example, an investment project with an IRR of 18% is preferable to another project that promises a return of only 15%.

48. The Ranking of Investment Projects Net Present Value Method • If the NPV method is used to rank projects, the NPV of one project cannot be compared directly to NPV of another project unless the investments in the projects are of equal size.

49. The Ranking of Investment Projects –NPV Method Example 6

50. The Ranking of Investment Projects –NPV Method • Each project has a net present value of $1,000, but they are not equally desirable. • The project requiring an investment of only $5,000 is much more desirable (especially when funds are limited) than the project requiring $80.000. • However, there is a way to compare the two projects on a valid basis – its called Profitability Index.