Historical Studies

1. Historical Studies Revision

2. Overview

3. Influences • Industrialisation + urbanisation • Social classes • Communications • Religious + secular groups

4. Popular Recreation

5. Public Schools + Athleticism

6. Rational Recreation

7. Elementary School Developments from Drill to Physical Education The Emergence of Physical Education Effects of 2nd World War Moving + Growing Expansion into the 1960s

8. Social Determinants which Influenced the Development of Sport + PE Communications and the Development of Sport Sport and the Age of the Stage Coach Rail Travel and Sport Cycling and Road Improvement

9. Progression of Activities - Contests Rational recreation - • Activities – boxing, fencing, archery • Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies, championships • Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, respectable, professional

10. Progression of Activities - Games Rational Recreation – • Activities – invasion games, target games, court games • Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies, championships • Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, professional

11. Progression of Activities – Outdoor Activities Rational Recreation – • Activities – rowing, yachting + dinghy sailing, mountaineering + rock climbing, skiing, canoeing, cycling • Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies, championships, romanticism + conquest

12. Progression of Activities – Individual Activities Rational Recreation – • Activities – amateur athletics, swimming, gymnastics • Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies, championships, fitness • Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, respectable

13. Popular Recreation

15. Athleticism in 19th Century English Public Schools

16. Boys’ Athleticism

17. Girls’ Athleticism

18. Relationships between Public School PE + Sport in Society - 19th Century Conceptual: Institutional Education PE middle + upper classes Elitist Catharsis Character development Health Defence Empire Leisure Class Participation through Stringent organisation Nationalism amateurism + competition Sport + Society

19. Relationship between Public Schools + Sport in Society - Activities

20. Relationship between Public Schools + Sport in Society Continued…

21. Question - Describe the growth of Athleticism in the 19th Century Public Schools Introduction - • Athleticism = association of character training ethic of manliness with physical activities. • Statement of intent – chronological description centred on the Barbarian examples, illustrating the increase in significance + scope of physical activities, together with the growing association with character building qualities. There are 3 developmental stages:

23. In conclusion… • Gradual change in philosophy of the school authority + their attitudes ot physical activities. • Structural changes from primitive acts organised by the boys in their own free time to a compulsory subect dominating the rest of the curriculum. • Fundamentally registering a change from intellectual based education system to one promoting moral + social standards to produce a quality of life for young gentlemen, expressed in the vitality of Muscular Christianity + patriotic nationalism.

24. Values in Athleticism (preparation for a leadership role in society) Socialisation Asceticism (loyalty to the group) (moral / physical commitment) SocialPsychologicalPhysical to avoid too much to form manly virtues to produce robust, active + fit men excitement Social cohesion + conforming promoting physical health to authority + good habits leadership + loyalty Preventing anti-social stop over-studying + toughen Behaviour up indulgent society games elite Status of games over work competitive experience + constructive use of leisure time Dominant values in society = class elitism + Muscular Christianity

25. Rational Recreation (in Victorian England)

26. Rational Recreation continued… 1. Activities – challenge / competition (physical endeavour / moral integrity) Individual Activities Games Outdoor swimming athletics gymnastics contests games Pursuits fluid fixed court 2. Social orientation – Class amateur professional exclusivity conciliation spectator 3. Organisation – Regularisation codification stringent administration

27. Rational Recreation continued… 4. Social agencies + relationships – internal Schools + industry + religious secular Athleticism industrial associations associations sports clubs eg YMCA eg volunteers societal impact 5. Social Factors – Classification urbanisation + free time + communications population expansion solvency travel + media • Political climate Economic Climate Geographical Situation

28. PE in (State) Elementary (Primary) Schools 1870-1960 PE in (State) Elementary (primary) Schools 1870-1960 • 1870s – Drill.

29. Lesson Activities

30. Relationships between State School PE + Sport in Society - 20th Century Working classes DrillOccasional + Pub Sports preparedness limited free time traditional Health obedience P.T.Organised Games Opportunities as amateurs Professional + spectator roles P.E.Widening Shared concepts Access to Sport + Recreation

31. Relationships between State School PE + Sport in Society - 20th Century • Equality of provision similar in state education + leisure. Enthusiastic teachers developed athletics + games as extra-curricular. These led to clubs like cricket in Worcestershire in 1886 – teams were boys + teachers. Gym clubs formed. • 19th Century view = upper + middle classes should pay for working classes to be educated, but not for games – resulting in only drill being developed • Minimal provision of buildings, no special PE facilities or playing fields • London – inter school football matches, swimming mainly for boys, usually without financial aid • 1st World War – attitudes changed towards values + rights of working class to recreation in society + as a feature of PE. • Swedish Drill adopted, undermining the development of apparatus gymnastics + limited recruitment into gym clubs