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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Section 3. Culture of the Plains Indians. Nomadic Hunted buffalo Politics: divided into bands of approximately 500 Had a tribal council who ruled each band Roles divided along traditional gender lines Religion based on the spiritual power of the natural world.

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Section 3

  2. Culture of the Plains Indians • Nomadic • Hunted buffalo • Politics: divided into bands of approximately 500 • Had a tribal council who ruled each band • Roles divided along traditional gender lines • Religion based on the spiritual power of the natural world

  3. Cultures Under Pressure Increasing population headed west Railroad Mining & Ranching Treaties were violated Homelands were considered sacred Some tribes such as the Dakota Sioux had agreed to live on reservations in exchange for annuity payments from the federal government Often weren’t paid on time or were kept by unscrupulous white traders

  4. Dakota Sioux Uprising • Minnesota • U.S. government made a deal with the tribe • Dakota Sioux agree to live on reservation • U.S. agrees to pay an annuity • annuity – fixed sum of money paid to a person each year

  5. Dakota Sioux Uprising (1862) • Chief Little Crow asks traders to do business on credit with the tribe since the federal government was over a month late with the annuity payments. • Andrew Myrick refuses: “If they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung.” • Found dead later with grass stuffed in his mouth • Little Crow leads an uprising focusing on soldiers, but some civilians were also killed • Hundreds killed and 300+ Dakota were arrested and charged. • President Lincoln commuted the sentences of all but 38, who were executed.

  6. Dakota Sioux Uprising • Turned down and desperate, Sioux start a rebellion which becomes indiscriminate slaughter • Takes approximately two weeks for troops from St. Paul to arrive • Dakota are reluctantly led by Little Crow

  7. Cheyenne and the Colorado Territory • Colorado is a major center of mining • In retaliation for coming into their territory, the Cheyenne raid farms and travelers, take property • Travel in the territory comes to a standstill

  8. Cheyenne and the Colorado Territory • John Evans, territorial governor, demands Cheyenne surrender at Fort Lyon • Black Kettle – Cheyenne Chief • Doesn’t want to surrender, but will negotiate • Fort commander asks the Cheyenne to wait at Sand Creek

  9. Cheyenne and the Colorado Territory • Sand Creek Massacre – November, 1862 • Colorado volunteers led by Colonel John Chivington • Events are disputed. Unclear if U.S. troops simply massacred the Cheyenne, including women and children, or if there was an actual battle

  10. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • Nomadic tribe of the Sioux • Invited Dakota Sioux to live with them after the uprising • In addition, railroad companies had discovered gold in the Black Hills, so troops are sent to “negotiate” rights to the land

  11. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • Powder River Expedition • U.S. cavalry under Colonel Henry B. Carrington assigned to open up a trail and build a system of forts along the Bozeman Trail

  12. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • Leaders • Red Cloud • Crazy Horse • Sitting Bull • Lakota want to defend their hunting grounds • Red Cloud and other leaders actually meet with the Army officers, but reject their terms

  13. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • U.S. troops march into the territory, construct Fort Phil Kearny • Guerilla warfare is constant • Many of the soldiers are frustrated that the Sioux refuse to stand and fight

  14. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • Fetterman’s Massacre – December 26, 1866 • Approximately 100 soldiers massacred when they fall for a diversion • Shocks public opinion back east, forces government to consider peace terms

  15. Lakota Sioux vs. U.S. Army • Battle at Fort C.F. Smith – “Hayfield Fight” – August 1, 1867 • Sioux plan is to use the same tactic as at Fetterman’s Massacre, but warriors are too eager • U.S. troops have new, quick firing weapons

  16. Sand Creek • In Colorado, mining had increased settlement and increased tensions with Native groups living there • By summer 1864, travel was no longer safe • 200+ settlers had been killed • John Evans orders the Indians to surrender at Fort Lyon and said they would be given food and protection. All others would be subject to attack. • Several hundred went to the fort to negotiate, not to surrender. Led by Chief Black Kettle

  17. Sand Creek • Black Kettle told to take his group and camp at Sand Creek • Massacred by Col. John Chivington • Conflicting reports of what actually happened; were the Cheyenne really there to negotiate or surrender? • Did Chivington ignore their signs of a truce? • “the foulest and most unjustifiable crime in the annals of America” • A Senate committee investigated, but declined to charge Chivington with a crime.

  18. Battle of Washita River • George Armstrong Custer leads U.S. cavalry in attacking the Cheyenne village that morning • Kill or capture almost the entire population of the settlement, including Black Kettle • Custer and U.S. cavalry spend 1867-68 attacking Cheyenne and Kiowa settlements along the river

  19. Indian Peace Commission • Approved by Congress in July, 1867 • Members first met August 6, 1867 • Idea was to create large new reservations • Allow the Army to “deal with” any tribes that refused to remain on the reservations • Red Cloud signed on November 6, 1868 • “Medicine Lodge Treaty”

  20. Comanche Wars • Comanche and Kiowa were led by: • Quanah • Ten Bears • White Bear • White Bear led war parties into Texas to attempt to destroy the railroad

  21. Comanche Wars • May, 1871 • White Bear leads a group which kills seven railroad workers • Being a violation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty, General Sherman calls White Bear and other leaders to a meeting • White Bear is arrested • Sporadic and constant Comanche raids occur throughout the following years

  22. Battle of the Little Big Horn • Lakota Sioux vs. George Custer • White settlers were moving onto the Lakota Reservation to pan for gold • If the whites can violate the treaty, why not the Native Americans? So they go hunting off the reservation near the Bighorn Mountains in South Dakota • Lt. Col. George Custer, commander of the Seventh Cavalry decides to attack a group of about 2,500 Native Americans • All the troops and Custer were killed • Portrayed as a massacre of Custer and his men

  23. Battle at Wounded Knee • Lakota had continued to perform the Ghost Dance • Was viewed as defiance by the Native Americans • Sitting Bull viewed as the leader and troops sent to arrest him • Dies during a skirmish with police • 25 soldiers and 200+ Lakota men, women and children were killed

  24. Assimilation • Not all Americans were happy with the government’s treatment of Native Americans over the years • Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor • Many people favored a policy of assimilation • Break up reservations into individual allotments • Dawes Act • 160 acres of reservation land • Remaining land sold to settlers & money put in a trust for Native Americans • What could possibly go wrong with this plan? • What do Plains Indians know about farming? • Have to share the land with settlers • What would happen to Native culture without the buffalo?

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