Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville

1. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville By: Elliott Bartels, Ben Murray, Cam Zahorchek, and Ryan Duran

2. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville • Who-describe Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville are (their backgrounds and early life through death, personal life, etc.) • What-what did they write and what were their most important works of literature • Where-where were they from, where were they borne, any important places associated with them, and where did they die/buried • When-time period of their life including a timeline of their works and accomplishments • Why-was there a motive or reason why they wrote (background motives, life experiences, etc.) • How-how did they contribute and fit into the Romantic Movement?

3. Herman Melville

4. Herman Melville Who… • Born August 1, 1819, in Ney York City • He was born to Maria Gansevoort and Allan Melville • His father was a merchant, and supported Herman and his eight brothers and sisters • His dad often told stories about the sea and adventure in exotic far away locations • His father died at the age of 40, afterwards Melville and his family moved to Lansingburgh, New York ("Herman Melville 1"). • Melville worked many jobs to support his mother and his family after his father died • Melville attended the Albany Academy to study classic literature • In 1839 Melville got his fist job as a seaman on a ship heading to Liverpool • Beginning in 1841, Melville’s traveled for the first time to the Pacific on the whaling ship, the Acushnet ("Herman Melville 2")

5. Herman Melville Who continued… • In 1845 Melville traveled to French Polynesia and Tahiti and lived among the Typee cannibals ("Herman Melville 1") • In 1847, after he returned from his travels, Melville married Elizabeth Shaw • He and his wife moved to Berkshires where he met Nathaniel Hawthorne, who would later become his close friend • In the 1850’s Melville wrote many of his short stories and traveled to England to visit Hawthorne • By 1857 Melville had given up writing novels after his popularity continued to sink • He worked as a customs inspector for 20 years and he began to write poetry • The Civil War had a huge impact on Melville and in 1866 he published his first collection of poems, Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War • Melville was once aging not recognized by the public for his poetry • Melville died on September 28, 1891, in Ney York City from a heart attack ("Herman Melville 2“)

6. Herman Melville What… • After returning home from his travels Melville wrote Mardi and a Voyage Thither, the book was not a success • After writing Mardi and a Voyage Thither, Melville moved on to one of his more famous books, Redburn, a comedy, and White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War. Both were financial successes, but Melville was not very popular during his lifetime • In 1851 Melville published his most famous and best selling book, Moby Dick –however, during his time fellow writers dismissed the book and it never reached its full potential in popularity • Moby Dick reflects the experiences Melville had as a Whaler during his traveling years • Melville later wrote Pierre and the Confidence Man-but both were once again not very popular during his time ("Herman Melville 2")

7. Herman Melville Where… • Melville was Born and raised in New York City • After his father’s death,, Melville and his family moved to Lansingburgh, New York, where he published his first two novels • In 1835 Melville moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts to work on his uncle's farm • Later after moving back to New York, Melville was hired as a cabin boy and traveled to Liverpool and later to the South Pacific • After marrying, Melville moved to Berkshire County, Massachusetts-their home, “Arrowhead”, is now a national landmark • In 1857 Melville launched a three year lecture tour in major cities across America telling about his travels and experiences • In 1863 the Melvilles moved to New York City where he worked as a customs inspector • Melville died in his home on East 26th Street on 28 September 1891 • He is buried beside his wife Elizabeth in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York ("Herman Melville 2")

8. Herman Melville When… • Novels: • Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846) • Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847) • Mardi: And a Voyage Thither (1849) • Redburn: His First Voyage (1849) • White-Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War (1850) • Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851) • Pierre: or, The Ambiguities (1852) • Isle of the Cross (ca. 1853, since lost) • Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile (1855) • The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade (1857) • Billy Budd, Sailor (An Inside Narrative) [Published Posthumously] (1924) • Short Stories: • The Piazza Tales (1856) • "The Piazza" in Putnam's Monthly Magazine. • "Bartleby the Scrivener" • "Benito Cereno" • "The Lightning-Rod Man" • "The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles" • "The Bell-Tower"

9. Herman Melville When continued… • Uncollected Short Stories • "Cock-A-Doodle-Doo!" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, December 1853) • "Poor Man's Pudding and Rich Man's Crumbs" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, June 1854) • "The Happy Failure" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1854) • "The Fiddler" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, September 1854) • "The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, April 1855) • "Jimmy Rose" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, November 1855) • "The 'Gees" (Harper's New Monthly Magazine, March 1856) • "I and My Chimney" (Putnam's Monthly Magazine, March 1856) • "The Apple-Tree Table" (Putnam's Monthly Magazine, May 1856)

10. Herman Melville Why… • One main inspiration in writing novels about the sea was from his father’s stories. His dad often told stories about the sea and adventure in exotic far away locations that Melville hoped to one day visit. ("Herman Melville 1") • Beginning in 1841, Melville’s traveled for the first time to the Pacific on the whaling ship, the Acushnet-this 18 month trip was the main inspiration for writing his best selling book, Moby Dick which depicts the everyday life of a whaler • His trip in 1845 inspired Melville to write his first two books: Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life and Omoo-the books retell experiences of living with the Typee tribe in what is now French Polynesia and Tahiti ("Herman Melville 1") • His collection of Poems, Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, was not popular, but it depicted the horrors of war and struggles during the Civil War ("Herman Melville 2")

11. Herman Melville How… • Moby Dick is considered one of the greatest early American literary works of all time • His poetry was not well known, but now modern poets consider him to be one of the first modern poets in America • It was not until the 1920’s that Melville was to be recognized as the great writer and poet he was during the era termed the Melville Revival • He fits into the Romantic period because: • His works are full of metaphors and allegory • His works are often cynical, but at other times satirical • First major maritime novelists-from his experiences during his many travels • His novel Mardi: and A Voyage Thither is literally “a romance of Polynesian adventure”-which tells of his love experiences with a native girl ("Herman Melville 2") • Common Romantic Themes in his writing: • He observed human nature in all its strengths and weaknesses • Love of nature, the Lure of Exotic places, the Supernatural, and Libertarianism

12. Nathaniel Hawthorne

13. Nathaniel Hawthorne Who… • Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts • His family were strict Puritans-his relatives were really the Hathornes, Nathaniel added the w to his name because his ancestor, John Hathorne, was one of the three judges that led persecution against the “witches” in the 17th century Salem Witch Trials • His father, a sea captain, died in 1808-the family later moved to Maine where Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College • At Bowdoin College, Hawthorne became close friends with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Franklin Pierce-the future 14th President of the U.S. • Hawthorne studied English composition, the classics, and Latin • From 1825 to 1837, Hawthorne helped his mother who lived a life of isolation after his father died • Hawthorne began to publish some of his first books anonymously including: Twice-Told Tales (1837), Mosses from an Old Manse(1846), and The Snow-Image(1851) • In 1838 he worked for the Boston Custom House • In 1842 he married his old Salem neighbor, Sophia Peabody • Together he and his wife moved to Concord Massachusetts- where he met and became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Ellery Channing ("Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography")

14. Who continued… Nathaniel Hawthorne • 1846 Hawthorne became a surveyor for the Salem Custom House • In 1848 he was fired due to political ties-the extra time allowed him to begin his most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter • Between 1850 and 1853 Hawthorne wrote The House of Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, A Wonder Book, and Tanglewood Tales • While at living in Berkshire Hills Hawthorne met Herman Melville and became close friends • In 1852 Franklin Pierce became the President and appointed Hawthorne to write for his campaign biography as well as serve as the important overseas American advisor in Liverpool, England • In 1857 Hawthorne and hi wife moved to Italy where they spent time in Rome and Florence • Later they moved back to England where he published his last book, the Marble Faun • They eventually returned to the U.S.; Hawthorne’s heath began to get bad and he died on May 19, 1864 in Plymouth, New Hampshire in his sleep ("Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography")

15. Nathaniel Hawthorne What… • Hawthorne’s first books were published anonymously including: Twice-Told Tales (1837), Mosses from an Old Manse(1846), and The Snow-Image(1851)-almost all have become American classics. • Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales were quite popular even while he was alive; Edgar Allan Poe stated that “As Americans we know few compositions which the critic can more honestly commend than these Twice-Told Tales. As Americans we fell proud of this book.” • The Scarlet Letter was the first very successful book for Hawthorne; it is about a love affair between a woman named Hester Prynne and the Reverend, Arhur Dimmesdale, who eventually have an illicit daughter together named Pearl • Hawthorne was one of the first American authors to include hidden motivations in his book The Artist of the Beautiful (Liukkonen)

16. Nathaniel Hawthorne Where… • Born and raised in Salem, Massachusetts • Later moved to Maine with his family after his father died • Attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825 with support from his wealthy uncles • After college returned to Salem to care for his sick mother • Hawthorne fell in love with his Salem neighbor, Sophia Peabody • He went to work for the Boston Custom House • In 1841 he moved to Brooks Farm Community • In 1842 he married Sophia and moved to Concord, Massachusetts • In 1850 the Hawthornes lived in Lenox, Berkshire hills • In 1852 after Pierce was elected President, Hawthorne and his wife moved to Liverpool, England to serve as the American advisor overseas • In 1857 they left England and moved to Italy • They returned to England and later to the U.S. where Hawthorne died in his sleep in Plymouth, New Hampshire ("Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography") Salem Custom House

17. Nathaniel Hawthorne When… • Novels: • Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828) • The Scarlet Letter(1850) • The House of the Seven Gables (1851) • The Blithedale Romance (1852) • The Marble Faun (1860) • The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished) • Septimius Felton/the Elixir of Life (Published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872) • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A romance (unfinished) • Short stories in Collections: • Twice-Told Tales (1837) • Grandfather's Chair (1840) • Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) • The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales (1852) • A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys (1852) • Tanglewood Tales (1853) • The Dolliver Romance and Other Pieces (1876) • The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains (1889) • The Celestial Railroad and Other Short Stories

18. Nathaniel Hawthorne When continued… • Some more famous short stories: • "My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832) • "Young Goodman Brown" (1835) • "The Gray Champion" (1835) • "The White Old Maid" (1835) • "Wakefield" (1835) • "The Ambitious Guest" (1835) • "The Minister's Black Veil" (1836) • "The Man of Adamant" (1837) • "The Maypole of Merry Mount" (1837) • "The Great Carbuncle" (1837) • "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" (1837) • "A Virtuoso's Collection" (May 1842) • "The Birth-Mark" (March 1843) • "Egotism; or, The Bosom-Serpent" (1843) • "The Artist of the Beautiful" (1844) • "Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844) • "P.'s Correspondence" (1845) • "Ethan Brand" (1850) • "Feathertop" (1852) Statue of Hawthorne in Salem, Massachusetts

19. Nathaniel Hawthorne Why… • Many of Hawthorne’s books involve concepts taught by the Puritans-he was raised in Salem, a prominent Puritan society • He was ashamed of terrible things his relatives did-his ancestor was one of the three judges who served over the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 • He was a strong believer in the existence in the devil-many of his books include common themes in which the characters have to overcome evil urges or temptations • He was a strong believer in determinism- the belief in a doctrine that all things and events happen for a reason; natural laws/human choices • Hawthorne is popular today because: • Hawthorne’s books are relevant to liked themes of today • He incorporates the Puritan cycle of life in his writing • His use of psychological analysis (Reuben)

20. Nathaniel Hawthorne How… • Incorporated common romantic themes into all of his books: • Alienation, Initiation, problem of guilt, pride, Puritan New England beliefs • His writing is allegorical and symbolic: • Light/good vs. dark/bad • Faith vs. doubt • Heart vs. mind • Warmth vs. cold • He was one of the fist professional writer type in America: • Had a college education, blended well with famous European writers, studied abroad, and was strongly influenced by great writers before and around him • Good representation of 19th century America with Romantic themes: • Use of nature • Primitiveness over civilization • Love of exotic places • Gothic ideas • Individuality over society • Self fulfillment • Fate vs. free will (Reuben)

21. Bibliography Cohen, Hennig. “Herman Melville.” Dictionary of Literary Biography. University of Pennsylvania, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://people.brandeis.edu/‌~teuber/‌melvillebio.html>. Eldred, Eric. “Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864).” Eldritch Press’s Nathaniel Hawthorne Home Page. Eldritch Press, 12 Oct. 1999. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://www.ibiblio.org/‌eldritch/‌nh/‌hawthorne.html>. “Herman Melville.” The Literatue Network. Jalic Incorporated, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://www.online-literature.com/‌melville/>. “Herman Melville.” POETS.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://www.poets.org/‌poet.php/‌prmPID/‌236>. Liukkonen, Petri. “Nathaniel Hawthorne .” Kirjasto.sci.fi. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2010. <http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/‌hawthorn.htm>. “Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Advameg, Incorporated, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2010. <http://www.notablebiographies.com/‌Gi- He/‌Hawthorne-Nathaniel.html>. Reuben, Paul. “Chapter 3: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864).” PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project . Csustan.edu, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. <http://www.csustan.edu/‌english/‌reuben/‌pal/‌chap3/‌hawthorne.html>.