Factors Influencing Soil Formation Process

1. Factors involved in soil formation _____________. • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, grazing by herbivores • Erosion, level terrain, absences of rooted vegetation • Weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, growth of tree roots • Tropical climate, acid precipitation, frequent wildfires • Seasonal changes in the tides • The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ___ • Mineralization • Affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing • Unaffected by winds • A major cause of topsoil erosion • Primarily caused by topsoil erosion Jan 22nd AP ES Warm Up

2. Factors involved in soil formation _____________. c. Weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, growth of tree roots • The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ___ b. Affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing Jan 22nd AP ES Warm Up Answers

3. You are going to do a lab on electrolysis, the separation of oxygen and hydrogen from water. • At your lab table, there will be: • two pencils • a beaker with water • two wire cables • A battery • A magnifying glass • Sharpen the pencils at both ends. • Tear some cardboard apart that will fit over the beaker holding the pencils above the bottom of the beaker. • Attach the wires to the pencils and the battery • Use the magnifying glass to observe what is happening and record your findings. • Which side of the battery is removing the hydrogen? • Which side of the battery is removing the oxygen? Jan 22nd AP ES Agenda

4. During most of our species’ 100,000-year existence, and until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on _______. • Crops • Hunting • Cattle • Crops and cattle • Hunting and gathering • Industrialization • Had no impact on agriculture • Is necessary today for all cultures • Increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area • Improved soils permanently, providing more food from less space • Rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new cropland Jan 23rd AP ES Warm Up

5. During most of our species’ 100,000-year existence, and until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on _______. e. Hunting and gathering • Industrialization c. Increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area Jan 23rd AP ES Warm Up Answers

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10. You will design an experiment that models the weathering process. The question you are asking: • “What is the affect of acidic deposition on chemical weathering?” • What are the parts to the scientific method? You will need to model these to design your experiment. You will also be creating a graph. What are your x and y axis? Create your graph, design your experiment and get my approval before you begin. • Materials: • 2 antacid tablets • 1 beaker with water and 1 with vinegar • What is the control? • What is the experimental group? Jan 23rd AP ES Agenda

11. Leaching ________________. • Can help plant growth only if done properly • Is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the water table • Adds nutrients to soil naturally • Removes nutrients form soil • Is a common agriculture practice to improve soil • The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of other factors is called _____. • Climatization • Global change • Desertification • Salinization • Stratification Jan 24th AP ES Warm Up

12. Leaching ________________. d. Removes nutrients form soil • The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of other factors is called _____. c. Desertification Jan 24th AP ES Warm Up Answers

13. You will design an experiment that models the weathering process. The question you are asking: • “What is the affect of temperature on chemical weathering?” • What are the parts to the scientific method? You will need to model these to design your experiment. • Materials: • 2 antacid tablets • 2 beakers • 1 hotplate Jan 24th AP ES Agenda

14. Oxidation of minerals, warm and wet conditions, reactions of water with parent material; all are components of _______________. • Chemical weathering of soils • Erosion • Leaching • Physical/mechanical weathering of soils • Humus formation • The U.S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the _____ • Soil Aggregation Service • Agricultural Standards Agency • Conservation Integration Service • Natural Resources Conservation Service • There is no U.S. agency charged with soil degradation, only private firms funded by farmers. Jan 25th AP ES Warm Up

15. Oxidation of minerals, warm and wet conditions, reactions of water with parent material; all are components of _______________. • Chemical weathering of soils • The U.S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the _____ d. Natural Resources Conservation Service Jan 25th AP ES Warm Up Answers

16. PPT on Chapter 9 Jan 25th AP ES Agenda

17. Monoculture _______. • Farming is a food-growing practice that uses no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides • Farming is illegal in most countries • Describes diets low in protein, such as vegetarianism • Describes food that has not been genetically modified • Describes the farming practices of growing large stands of single species • Recombinant DNA • Describes pollination of one plant by another of the same species • Describes pollination of one plant by another of a different species • Describes the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new hybrids • Is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides • Was part of the green revolution of the 1960s Jan 28thAP ES Warm Up

18. Monoculture _______. e. Describes the farming practices of growing large stands of single species • Recombinant DNA c. Describes the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new hybrids Jan 28thAP ES Warm Up

19. Finish PPT on Chapter 9 Jan 28th AP ES Agenda

20. What is true about GMO crops? • Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. • The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. • Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. • They are unanimously opposed by environmentalists. • They are unanimously favored by environmentalists. • Which of the following requires the least land to produce 1kg of protein? • Eggs • Milk • Chicken • Pork • beef Jan 29thAP ES Warm Up

21. What is true about GMO crops? b. The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. • Which of the following requires the least land to produce 1kg of protein? c. Chicken Jan 29thAP ES Warm Up

22. Video clips from Food Inc. followed with questions and discussion. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAP6ZtfP9ZQ http://news.yahoo.com/video/whoknew-hybrid-foods-genetically-modified-021016839.html http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/today-on-planet-100-genetically-modified-eggplant-controversy-video.html http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/genetic-engineering-videos-playlist.htm#video-30687 Jan 29th AP ES Agenda

23. It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more_____. • Plant-based foods • Herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken • Carnivorous animals like fish and alligator • GM foods • Green revolution techniques ___________. • Focus on organic farming • Have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the human diet • Have increased crop yields but many not be sustainable • Focus on preserving biodiversity • Focus on sustainability Jan 30thAP ES Warm Up

24. It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more_____. • Plant-based foods • Green revolution techniques ___________. c. Have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable Jan 30thAP ES Warm Up

25. Video Clips from Food, Inc. followed by questions and group discussion. Jan 30th AP ES Agenda

26. ___% of the food we consume comes from ___ crop species. • 90; 15 • 90; 100 • 50; 20 • 50; 50 • 10; 100 • Since 1960, pesticide use has risen ________ worldwide. • Twofold • Threefold • Fourfold • Fivefold • Sixfold Jan 31stAP ES Warm Up

27. ___% of the food we consume comes from ___ crop species. • 90; 15 • Since 1960, pesticide use has risen ________ worldwide. c. Fourfold Jan 31stAP ES Warm Up

28. Food, Inc. continued… Jan 31st AP ES Agenda

29. Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)? • Biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification • Major reliance on synthetic pesticides • Subsidies of pesticide use • Continuous monoculture cropping and harvesting • Transgenic crops • Aquaculture _____________. • Can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions • Has no real environmental disadvantages • Frequently results in unintended catch of non-target species • Uses more fossil fuels than traditional commercial fishing • Produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean water harvesting Feb 1st AP ES Warm Up

30. Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)? • Biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification • Aquaculture _____________. • Can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions Feb 1st AP ES Warm Up

31. Test on Chapters 9 and 10 Feb 1st AP ES Agenda

32. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the environmental problems associated with ___________. • Aquifer depletion • Pesticide toxicity • Loss of biodiversity • Overpopulation • Deforestation • ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer. • Allergens • Teratogens • Carcinogens • Neurotoxins • Vectors Feb 4th AP ES Warm Up

33. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the environmental problems associated with ___________. b. Pesticide toxicity • ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer. c. Carcinogens Feb 4th AP ES Warm Up

34. Case Study: Pesticides Read Page One http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xggwso_dioxin-and-pcbs-explained-how-are-persistent-pesticides-hazardous-to-humans_lifestyle Read Page Two http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkS0G5AsTT0 Answer these questions in your journals: • Considering economic, social and political issues, how would a pesticide ban affect the county? • What are some of the ethical dilemmas that Sam faces as he makes his decision? • What should Sam do? Why? • As a society, can we do without pesticides? Feb 4th AP ES Agenda

35. _____ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. • Allergens • Teratogens • Carcinogens • Neurotoxins • Vectors • Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ______. • They are the least common toxicants • There is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and the disease • They are rare in nature • There is no way to measure the carcinogenic potential of a substance • Most are invisible Feb 5th AP ES Warm Up

36. _____ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. b. Teratogens • Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ______. There is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease. http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/twgx5hjaMS8-teratogens.aspx Feb 5th AP ES Warm Up

37. LOVE CANAL CASE STUDY • Place the papers in chronological order to the best of your ability. • There will inconsistencies and gaps in the material. Write down in your journals in questions you may have. • Determine the stakeholders: write down at least 7 in your journals • Stakeholder-person, group, organization, member or system who affects or can be affected by an organization’s actions. • Write 2-3 sentences for each stakeholder. AP Agenda Feb 5th

38. Write the following in your lab books under the heading Conducting Solutions • Conductor: a material that is capable of transferring an electrical charge • Conduction solution: a solution that is capable of transferring an electrical charge • Ion: a charged particle • Electrolyte: a chemical compound that ionizes when dissolved to produce an electrically conductive medium • Nonelectrolyte: a substance that does not dissociate into ions when dissolves, a non-conductor of electricity. AP Agenda Feb 5th

39. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include • Neurotoxins • Allergens • Teratogens • Hormones • antibiotics • PCB contamination __________. • Is the main focus of the book Silent Spring • Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers used contaminated cooking oil • Has never been documented outside the U.S. • Was the main environmental problem in Lake Apopka • Results from over-application of pesticides Feb 6th AP ES Warm Up

40. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include • Neurotoxins • Allergens • Teratogens • Hormones • antibiotics • PCB contamination __________. • Is the main focus of the book Silent Spring • Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers used contaminated cooking oil • Has never been documented outside the U.S. • Was the main environmental problem in Lake Apopka • Results from over-application of pesticides Feb 6th AP ES Warm Up

41. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include b. Allergens • PCB contamination __________. b. Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers used contaminated cooking oil Feb 6th AP ES Warm Up

42. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Hazardous Substances • CERCLA hazardous substances are substances that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. CERCLA is commonly known as the Superfund Law. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW6i0MMIUj4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjfDE6dgCO4 • http://www.wgbh.org/articles/25-Years-Later-A-Poisoned-Town-Cant-Come-Clean-3057 • http://www.wgbh.org/programs/episode.cfm?featureid=29097 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hrpz3C1mOEo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoTLiSxa6c4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKPgvDuTIgg • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFQWG9FvidU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1xOnHtWYRs • http://www.celebritynetworth.com/watch/XPS5QeujkYI/code-silence/ AP Agenda Feb 6th

43. A worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to __________. • DDT • Endocrine disruptors • Teratogens • Radon • Allergens • Bisphenol-A is _______. • An estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing • Produced when fossil fuels are burned • Released from aerosol spray cans • A currently used herbicide • A banned insecticide Feb 7th AP ES Warm Up

44. A worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to __________. b. Endocrine disruptors • Bisphenol-A is _______. • An estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing Feb 7th AP ES Warm Up

45. Love Canal Case Study Continued… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iSFgZ-SlaU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzwacZZe5yk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbIfFBk9Pdo AP Agenda Feb 7th

46. Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called pesticide __________. • Leaching • Drift • Run-off • Transportation • globalization • Pesticides in the United States are registered through the _____. • FDA • EPA • USDA • BLM • PRA Feb 8th AP ES Warm Up

47. Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called pesticide __________. b. Drift • Pesticides in the United States are registered through the _____. b. EPA Feb 8th AP ES Warm Up

48. Feb 8th, 2013 • Create a comic strip with a minimum of 8 frames. • Each person in your group will create a frame. • You will answer all questions for your stakeholder in this comic strip. • It does not have to be funny or beautiful. • You will present in front of the class. • Does the comic strip address each question? • Did each student participate? • Can the reader decipher what is happening in the comic strip? • Is it visually appealing? • Can you speak intelligently about the events surrounding Love Canal? ES Agenda

49. Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except______. • Gonadal abnormalities • Lung cancer • Low birth rates • Male feminization • Thyroid hormone abnormalities • The effects of toxicants on fetuses and young children_______. • Is greater because of their rapid growth and smaller biomass • Is less than for adults because their metabolism is higher • Has not raised concern among environmental health professionals • Has been thoroughly evaluated for every chemical released into both indoor and outdoor environments • Is generally the same for adults Feb 11th AP ES Warm Up

50. Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except______. b. Lung cancer • The effects of toxicants on fetuses and young children_______. • Is greater because of their rapid growth and smaller biomass Feb 11th AP ES Warm Up