Environmental planning:

1. Environmental planning: It is concerned with societies collective stewardship of the earth resources Planning is a generic activity of purposeful anticipation of and provision for the future The ultimate role of environmental planning is to ensure sustainability in respect to any development needed for human being so that along side providing resources to the present generation , the carrying capacity of resources be kept in reserve for fulfilling the need of future generation

2. Three spheres of environmental studies are thus for interest Sphere of Environmental studies • First- Biophysiccal environment comprising the earth life support system – air minerals , soil and water- and the biodiversity which these sustain • Secondly-Socioeconomic environment- composed of human social groupings, their cultural activities and the economic process of which they are interrelated • Finally-Some professions are concerned with built environment consisting of the buildings which we live and work , their attributes safety stability, sanitation , water supply, waste disposal and architectural aesthetics • Environmental planning embrasses all those components which are in inter related and inter dependent manners focus on sustainability and quality of life

3. Issues of Environmental Concerns: • The environment is both a scientific entity and a cultural concept • Different environmental impacts broadly link the growth of human population and its associated settlements and economics with the quality of air earth and water and the effects of urban and industrial waste products on various receptor.

4. The main ‘environmental’ agendas • Population and health • Growth of world population to 8.2 billion by 2025 • Accelerating population growth in Africa • Wide disparities in health standards worldwide • Water-related diseases in developing countries • Acute and chronic human exposure to pesticides • Life expectancy at birth • Children’s health and rights

5. Human settlements • Rapid growth of urban populations and urban areas • Waste generation from cities • Environmental, social and political pressures engendered by megacities • Inexorable growth in motor vehicle trips and traffic congestion • Pollution – air, water, toxic, nuclear • Food and agriculture • Despite increasing world food production, levels of hunger and malnutrition are growing • Growth in pesticide-resistant pests • Decreased soil fertility • Issues associated with genetically modified organisms

6. Forests and farmlands • Clearance of tropical moist forests • Monocultural reforestation in temperate zones, often with non-native softwoods • Soil erosion following logging of forests • Degradation of rangelands • Conversion of farmland to other uses

7. Wildlife and habitats • Species losses with destruction of large areas of wildlife habitat • Illegal trade in endangered and rate species Energy • Economic dependence on fossil fuels and nuclear power • Production of ‘greenhouse’ gases and nuclear wastes • Shortage of fuel wood in developing countrie

8. Freshwater • Very uneven distribution of water availability between countries • Salinisation of water supplies in some arid countries • Pollution from point and nonpoint sources • Destruction and drainage of westlands • Depletion and pollution of groundwater suppli

9. Oceans and coasts • Overexploitation of, and declining catches in, some fisheries • Pollution from ocean dumping, oil spills, land runoff and atmospheric deposition • Coastal habitat destruction • Rising sea levels and increased flooding of low-lying areas

10. Atmosphere and climate • Air pollution • Global warming • Ozone depletion • Interactions between pollutants in the atmosphere

11. Quality of life’ issues in order of perceived importance by the ‘average’ person • Until the 19900s , the notion of the environment tended to be restricted to abiotic and biotic system. • Later partly as result of increased understanding about the causes and consequences of environmental change and partly to broaden the relevance of environmental issues to peoples everyday lives . • These broadly related to the notion of quantity of life and suggest that “green issues ” can not be tacked effectively in isolation from peoples life worlds

12. Wage levels • Housing costs • Shopping facilities • Unemployment levels • Travel-to-work times • Scenic quality of area • Climate • Sports facilities • Leisure opportunities • Violent crime rates • Local health-care provision • Levels of nonviolent crime • Costs of living • Education provision • Pollution levels • Employment prospects

13. Agenda 21: key contents on Sustainable Development • International co-operation • Combating poverty • Changing consumption patterns • Demographic dynamics and sustainability • Protecting and promoting health • Promoting sustainable human settlement development • Integrating environment and development in decision-making • Protecting the atmosphere ………………cont.

14. Integrated planning and management of land resources • Combating deforestation • Managing fragile ecosystems (e.g. mountains, deserts) • Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development • Conservation of biological diversity • Environmentally sound management of biotechnology ………………cont.

15. Protection of the marine environment • Protection of freshwater resources • Hazard and waste management • Inclusion of women, children, youth and indigenous peoples • Role of NGOs, local authorities, workforces, businesses, science/technology and farmers • Means of implementation (finance, capacity building, science, education, awareness-raising, legal instruments, institutions, information)

16. International issues on Environmental planning • The focus of Environmental planners range from the global to parochial. • Several internationals issues are being raised not only because many environmental problems are transfoundary and require concerted action but also because most countries require a degree of external pressure placed on them before they will agree to behave in accordance with international best practices.

17. Major Elements of A better Quality of Life (DETR, 1999) • Sustainability implies that development programmes should be consistent with natural resource limits and biospherecal waste assimilation capacities. • Productive sustainability –the use of areas natural resources such as soil and water • Aesthetic sustainability –the maintenance of an areas natural and cultural heritage • Socioeconomic sustainability –the establishment of economically viable communities

18. Perspectives of Environmental Planning • One of the most enduring perspectives on Environmental planning is to portray its role as that of ‘Striking a balance’ between the resources extracted from the environment and the wastes returned to it. • The use of resources can be represented in terms of Ecological Footprint of human community in which a land area is calculated which is arithmetically equivalent to the total quantity of resources consumed (Food production-in terms of hectares required for its production) • Second unifying framework in the study of environmental processes is that of the system. A system may be thought as a set of interacting elements which are at least partially enclosed within a boundary. • In an isolated system there is no interaction with the surroundings across the boundary ; in a closed system , there may be transfer of both matter and energy across their boundaries

19. Environmental Management –Industry and Business • Environmental problems are always caused by irrational human behavior relating to production, consumption, or disposal. • Common and broad reasons behind environmental problems are economic development, reconstruction efforts, industrialization, population growth, etc. • Economic activities by various agents (like business units) are a common phenomenon in a country. • What is necessary is a trade off between environmental protection and economic development. • The concept which is hinted here is termed as ‘Sustainable Management of Environment’.

20. Limitations of Sustainable management • It needs major departure from prevalent economic policies. • Piecemeal implementation to avoid complexity may mar the very objective of pursuing policy of sustainable management. • It may have to face incoherence in the economic systems in operation in different countries. • There are technological limitations in identification of the environmental consequences and also in prescribing solutions. • It needs sound political support from the participating countries

21. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY • The social contract theory imposes environmental responsibility on the business. • With the passage of time environmental responsibility is gaining dominance over economic responsibility. • Historically social responsibility was not obligatory to the business units but environmental responsibility is gradually becoming obligatory. • Environmental responsibility in turn makes a business unit accountable to both the actual and potential (defined and undefined) stakeholders for all the activities of a business unit affecting environment. • Stakeholders are parties who are having direct or indirect interest in the activities of a business unit.

22. ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING (EA) • Accounting is a service function. Its function is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions, in making reasoned choices among alternative courses of action • Accounting thus involves measurement function (to generate quantitative information) as well as reporting function (to disseminate information). • Environmental Accounting is still in its evolutionary stage. With the growing focus on environmental aspects of a business, the process of environmental accounting is consolidating gradually.

23. In discharging the environmental responsibility and also to attain legitimacy all the information related to environmental performances of a business unit are to be communicated to all stakeholders to prove that it is operating in the society as a good corporate citizen. • A mechanism has to be generated and disseminate the information. The former part of the mechanism that is related to generation of environmental information may be termed as ‘Environmental Accounting’ and the latter part as ‘Environmental Reporting’.

24. Environmental Accounting may be defined as the process of generating environment related information which may be gainfully used to improve environmental decision making. • “Environmental Accounting aims at achieving sustainable development, maintaining a favourable relationship with the community, and pursuing effective and efficient environmental conservation activities. • These accounting procedures allow a company to identify the cost of environmental conservation during the normal course of business, identify benefit gained from such activities, provide the best possible means of quantitative measurement (in monetary value or physical units) and support the communication of its results.”

25. Need for Environmental Accounting • Environmental costs of a business unit may be significantly reduced, if not eliminated. • In its absence some of the environmental costs may remain untraced, hidden, or underestimated. For example, waste costs are often simply identified as the costs associated with the actual disposal, rather than also including the cost of lost raw materials, licence fees, etc. • Only after having a sound environmental accounting system the possibility, if any, of generating any environmental revenue can be explored. Such revenue may ultimately offset some of the environmental costs. • It may lead to better environmental performance which is a significant factor for both the business success and the human health. • It may play a better role in product costing, product pricing, and also for developing environmentally desired processes. • It may help gain customers’ loyalty since the customers always prefer environment friendly products and services. • It provides macro-economic indicators for sustainability such as changes in total wealth or adjusted net savings that are complementary to GDP. • It may provide a solid support in developing an overall environmental management system.

26. Approaches to Environmental Accounting • On the issue of taking environmental issues into the fold of accounting, the accountants are divided into two groups: (i) Light Green Approach to EA (ii) Deep Green Approach to EA. • The proponents of Light Green Approach are of the view that the existing traditional accounting framework can accommodate the environmental issues. • On the other hand, those who are proponents of Deep Green Approach demand for a separate accounting framework for environmental accounting. • Under the circumstances Environmental Accounting has been developing under both of the parallel approaches.

27. Dimensions of Environmental Accounting • There are two broad dimensions of environmental accounting. They are: • (i) Micro dimension, and • (ii) Macro dimension. • Micro dimension can be sub-divided into • (a) Household level environmental accounting, and • (b) Corporate level environmental accounting. • Similarly, there may be two levels under Macro dimension: • (a) National Environmental Accounting, and • (b) Global Environmental Accounting.

28. Dimensions of Environmental Accounting

29. Micro Level Environmental Effects of Household Activities

30. Micro Level Environmental Effects of Business Activities

31. Micro Level Environmental Effects of Economic Activities

32. The green movement There was environmentalist activity long before the use of the term ‘green’ (meaning environmentally benign), ‘greening’ (meaning environmental improvement) and ‘green movement’ (a social or culture movement, which in split of considerable diversity contains a common element of environmental consciousness or concern)(e.g. Leopold 1949). The use of green terminology increased after the mid-1980s, at first being used in politics, and then spreading as a popular, friendly alternative to environment or environmentalist, particularly in media discussion of development issues.

33. The green movement may be seen as a social movement, spawned from environmentalism (Red-clift 1984: 6), which goes deeper than politics to embrace ethics and fundamental attitudes to life. • Many would claim that greening is essentially a ‘cultural’ attack on the ills of modern society and economic to be contrasted with the ‘economic’ attack by socialists (W. M. Adams 1990:71). • A huge range of people operate as greens: socialists, conservatives, intellectuals, poor people, Bhuddists, Christians, Muslims

34. Some common green characteristics The ‘four pillars of greens’ • Ecology • Social responsibility. • Grass roots democracy. • Non-violence.

35. The ‘six values of greens’ • Decentralization ‘think globally, act locally’ • Community-based economics. • Post-patriarchal principles. • Respect for diversity • Global responsibility. • Future focus.

36. The other green characteristics • Holistic approach • Disillusionment with modern unsustainable development paths. • A shift in emphasis away from philosophy of means of ends. • A shift away from growth economics. • A shift toward human development goals. • A shift from quantitative to qualitative values and goods. • A shift from impersonal and organizational to interpersonal and personal. • Commonly a feminist interest.

37. Private degraded lands: • These are private marginal agricultural lands on which economic agriculture is not possible as productivity does not commensurate with labour employed. • These lands may be subjected to heavy erosion and the soil is infertile • Non-culturable / culturable waste land:

38. Non forest public degraded lands • These lands may be under the control of village Panchayat and are meant for common use. No individual can occupy them for private use through encroachment. Ownership of this land is vested with the Government, such as revenue department, public works department, railways etc. • Degraded forest lands: • This are legally constituted as forest and include reserved , protected or undefined forest. These are either devoid of trees or other vegetation or include trees in very low densities or are simply shrubs

39. Green Development • The proponents of Green development consider to be environmental sustainability over economic and consideration. • The major thrust of Green Development is to cut down present rate of consumption and lead a more sustainable or greener life style. • Green living not only emphasis on reduced consumption of earth’s resources and living sustain ably, it is about considering the greenest option in every thing one consumes- food, clothes, cleaning materials, cosmetics etc.

40. Green shopping • Green shopping is about buying the greatest possible option • Food produced using as few chemicals as possible, grown locally in season and transported over as short distance as possible to reduce the amount of transport fuel used. • Clothes made from organically produced materials. • Goods made from recycled materials and those made from biodegradable materials are all green options.

41. Green society • It is combined responsibility of everybody of the society to save the planet. • Society changes because the people in it change and lead by example. If more people want locally produced or organically green food in the super market, the big change will buy more from their suppliers who will in term adapt their farming methods to meet the demands. • Shoppers are making green choices and the supermarket are gradually changing in that direction. • Adoption greener methods in Schools buying and using recycled paper, printing on both sides to cut down wastage, recycling more of the school’s rubbish and growing vegetables on the unused areas within school campus.

42. Green Bench The Supreme court of India felt the need of establishing the green bench in different high court in India with the objectives of dealing with the environmental issues in the states. The green bench dealt with about 900 cases up to 2000 A.D. These cases related to various kinds of environmental issues such as: • Industries without pollution control system and allegedy violating norms. • Illegal filling of water bodies / tanks. • Cutting and feeling of trees. • Auto emission • Biomedical waste and health hazards • Dumping of garbage on streets and non-clearance • Pollution generated from morgues in the state • Regeneration of lakes and parks.

43. Sustainable development • Sustainable development has become some sort of a ‘buzz- world’ in the recent literature of development with the recognition that present process of development and ways of consumption and living have led to problems like the overuse of natural resources, ecosystem destruction, pollution, growing inequality in cities, the degradation of human living conditions and human- induced climate change. • Environmental goods have now become scare resources and are being depleted or degraded fast in recent years and thus sustainable growth and development over generations are at stake. • Development literature has, as a result, taken to advocating for sustainable development.

44. Definition of Sustainable Development • Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987: 43). • Improving the quality of human life while lying with the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems (IUCN, 1991:10). • Economic growth that providing fairness and opportunity for all the world’s people, not just the privileged few, without further destroying the world’s finite natural resources and carrying capacity (Pronk and Haq, 1992;8). • Economists emphasize the maintenance and improvement of the living standards of human beings.

45. Some Dimensions of Sustainable Development • Economists emphasize the maintenance and improvement of the living standards of human beings. • Geographers and anthropologists focus on the viability of social and cultural systems and political scientists emphasize the need to establish political order based on the foundation of equality, liberty, justice, fraternity, rule of law, non- violence and human rights at various levels- local, national and global i.e. a new more equitable and just world order. • The study of sustainable development calls for an integrated and holistic systems approach which is essential to understand and deal with different dimensions and aspects of their interaction and interdependence at different levels.

46. Operational Aspects of Sustainable Development • For operational purposes, environmental sustainability signifies conservation of biodiversity; socio-cultural sustainability; the achievement of intergenerational, intergenerational, intergenderal, and international equity; political sustainability – the establishment and maintenance of a democratic polity characterized by liberty, equity, justice, pluralism, rule of law, human right and participation of citizens in governance and decentralization of development; and economic sustainability dealing with issues such as renewable and non-renewable resources, cost of natural resources, environment cost, opportunity cost, social cost, natural capital, man- made capital and human resources capital, environmental accounting and audit (Daly, 1991).

47. Sustainable development (SD) implies integrated human development. • It means meeting the basic needs of all and extending opportunity to all to fulfill their aspirations for a better life. • SD seeks to provide the poor with an assurance for full share of resources required to attain the growth. • It seeks to combine the elements of economic efficiency, inter- regional equity, social concern and environmental protection. • The objective of sustainable agriculture and rural development as advanced by UNCED (United Nations 1993) is to increase food production in a sustainable way and enhance food security.

48. Some dimension of sustainable development: • In case of women, who are particularly hit by the accelerating spiral of poverty and environmental degradation, a first step must be to provide them with water and alternative energy sources. • This will lighten their daily workload and keep them enough time for other income generating activities, But for this they will need education, training, credit, technology, healthcare, sanitation and control over productive land ad to recognize women’s work in the home and in commerce. • Specific attention is to be given to pastoralists living in arid and semi arid lands. • There are about twenty six billion of them, more than half of them in Sahel – must include combining their traditional and modern farming methods to maintain the fragile lands. Refugees are another group needing special measures that address their particular circumstances.

49. Some question and concept of Sustainable Development • In recent years emphasis is laid on sustainable development to enable the countries to attain the goal of economic growth along with remedying environmental degradation. • What does sustainable development really imply? • What policy strategies ought to be followed to achieve sustainable development? • What environmental priorities are there in India in recent years?

50. Relevant Concept: • Economic Growth: • Technological progress: • Economic development: • Development: • Poverty: • Well- being: • Efficiency: