Intelligence

1. Intelligence • ABILITY: A skill you have, no additional “training” needed • ACHIEVEMENT: Mastery/knowledge in a specific subject area; reflect current performance (school tests) • APTITUDE: Potential ability, predict future achievement in a certain area (ACT, SAT, etc.) • INTELLIGENCE: “General Mental Ability” • What does this mean? Practical? Verbal? Problem-Solving?

2. What is Intelligence? • Intelligence • ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

3. Assessing Intelligence • Aptitude Test • a test designed to predict a person’s future performance • aptitude is the capacity to learn • Achievement Test • a test designed to assess what a person has learned

4. Assessing Intelligence • Reliability • the extent to which a test yields consistent results • assessed by consistency of scores on: • two halves of the test • alternate forms of the test • retesting • Validity • the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

5. A B C+ C C- D F A B C+ C C- D F

6. A B C+ C C- D F

7. 11-1 Origins of Intelligence Testing • What is Intel? • the ability to learn from experience, think rationally, and adapt to changes in the environment • Alfred Binet • around 1900 French gov. made a law saying all children must attend school • all kids were not on the same level • Binet’s job was to fig out who needed special help • Dev test to meas mental age • -intellectual level in years that a child is functioning on

8. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Mental Age • a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet • chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance • child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

9. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Stanford-Binet • the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test • revised by Terman at Stanford University

10. Intelligence • A Little History of Intelligence Testing… • Goddard: Translated Binet-Simon test into English. • Advocated wide use of intelligence tests for social engineering • Coined terms moron (mental age 8-12), imbecile, & idiot, all of whom were “unfit for society” & should be institutionalized, sterilized, segregated, or all three; work led to Army’s Alpha & Beta tests, Ellis Island testing (where most immigrants were considered “defective”); strongly supported eugenics • Terman (1916): Felt Binet-Simon was unfair – how can we say an 8-year- old is more intelligent than a 6-year-old just because she got more questions correct? Worked at Stanford & adapted the test to create the Stanford-Binet test • First used idea of the “intelligence quotient” (I.Q.) • Mental age/Chronological age x 100 = I.Q. (100 is average)

13. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 • IQ = ma/ca x 100) • on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

14. Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence: Mental Retardation

15. Assessing Intelligence

16. Assessing Intelligence • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • most widely used intelligence test • subtests • verbal • performance (nonverbal)

17. VERBAL PERFORMANCE Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977 Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS

18. Intelligence

19. Intelligence

20. Intelligence

21. Intelligence • Verbal: • What day of the year is Independence Day? (Information) • In what way are wool and cotton alike? (Similarities) • If eggs cost 60 cents a dozen, what does 1 egg cost? (Arithmetic Reasoning) • Tell me the meaning of corrupt. (Vocabulary) • Why do people buy fire insurance? (Comprehension) • Listen carefully, & when I am through, say the numbers right after me. (Digit Span) • Now I am going to say some more numbers, but I want you to repeat them backward. (Digit Span)

22. Intelligence Performance (Picture Completion):

23. Intelligence Performance (Picture Arrangement):

24. Intelligence Performance (Block Design):

25. Intelligence Performance (Object Assembly):

26. Intelligence Performance (Letter Number Sequencing): • Give sequences of letters & numbers, then subject reorders them, numbers first, letters second, arranged numerically & alphabetically • For example: • 8 G D 6 1 S 2 • becomes: • 1 2 6 8 D G S

27. Intelligence Performance (Digit Symbol Substitution):

28. Intelligence Performance (Matrix Reasoning):

29. 11-1 What is Intelligence? - Thurstone • Thurstone’s Theory of Primary MentalAbilities identified 8 factors that make up intelligence • 1)visual-spatial ability • 2)perceptual speed • 3)numerical ability • 4)verbal meaning • 5)memory • 6)word fluency • 7)deductive reasoning • 8)inductive reasoning • said it is possible to be very high in one factor and low in another

30. 11-1 What is Intelligence? – Broadened Theories: Gardner Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences • said there are 8 different types of intelligence • 1)linguistic any famous writer • 2)logical-mathematical Einstein • 3)visual-spatial Picasso • 4)body-kinesthetic Jordan/ Surgeon/ ballerina • 5)musical-rhythmic any great composer • 6)interpersonal Gandhi • 7)intrapersonal Freud • 8)Nature Darwin • thought each intelligence was based in different parts of the brain & each intelligence varies in intensity in every person

31. 11-1 What is Intelligence? – Broadened Theories: Sternberg Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence -said there are 3 aspects of intelligence 1)analytical intelligence -academic problem solving skills 2)creative intelligence -being able to adapt quickly to new situations and come up with original ideas 3)practical intelligence -everyday tasks *Said Trad tests test 1 but not 2&3 which are better predictors of vocational success

32. 11-1 What is Intelligence? • A.        Factor-Analysis • -a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test that measure a common ability • -used to find out whether there might be a general ability factor that runs throughout our specific mental abilities •  Spearman’s 2 Factor Theory of theory intelligence • -Spearman helped develop factor-analysis to support g factor theory • -said intelligence was made up of 2 factors • g factor – general ability • s factor – specific ability

33. What is Intelligence? • Factor Analysis • statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test • used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score • General Intelligence(g) • factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities • measured by every task on an intelligence test

34. 11-1 Are There Multiple Intelligences? • g factor underlies the specific abilities • -said people who score high on one s factor usually do well on others as well • -he attributed this to the g factor

35. 11-1 Biological Correlates • 2 Correlates: Brain Size, Processing Speed (Perceptual Speed & Neurological Speed) 1. Brain Size • Early 1800s Franz Gall and his school of phrenology believed that they could tell your intelligence and other characteristics about you by the size and shape of your skull • modern studies do show a slight correlation (+.15) b/w head size (relative to body size) and intelligence • however, there is more inside your skull than just the brain • newer studies using MRI technology to measure actual brain size reveal a correlation of +.44

36. 11-1 Biological Correlates Interesting Info: Einstein’s brain was 15% larger than average in the parietal lobes lower region (math and spatial information processing located here) -other areas of his brain were smaller than average -may indicate why he was so slow in learning to speak

37. 11-1 Biological Correlates 2. Processing Speed positively correlated with Intel Diff b/w Sink & Wink • ‘quick wits’ • higher verbal ability scores -PET scans have revealed that high IQ performers use less glucose when completing cog. tasks than do average people

38. Are There Multiple Intelligences? • Savant Syndrome • condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill • computation • drawing

39. Are There Multiple Intelligences? • Social Intelligence • the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully • Emotional Intelligence • ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

40. 11-1 What is Intelligence? – Broadened Theories: Emo Intel Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman) • interested in finding out why very intelligent people aren’t always successful in life • listed 5 areas needed for life success • 1)self-awareness • 2)self-motivation • 3)impulse control • 4)mood management • 5)people skills

41. Intelligence and Creativity • Creativity • the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas • expertise • imaginative thinking skills • venturesome personality • intrinsic motivation • creative environment

42. Assessing Intelligence • Standardization • defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” • Normal Curve • the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes • most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

43. The Normal Curve

45. Getting Smarter?

46. 11-2 Assessing Intelligence • Can a test have high reliability but low validity? Yes • Can a test have low reliability but high predictive validity? No • Could have content validity if it is measuring what its supposed to • See Barron’s Manual for more in depth on Reliability & Validity if needed

47. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Greater correlation over broad range of body weights Football linemen’s success Little corre- lation within restricted range 180 250 290 Body weight in pounds Assessing Intelligence • As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes

48. The Dynamics of Intelligence • Mental Retardation • a condition of limited mental ability • indicated by an intelligence score below 70 • produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life • varies from mild to profound • Down Syndrome • retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

49. Genetic Influences • The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

50. Genetic Influences • Heritability • the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes • variability depends on range of populations and environments studied