Figure 1 - Forces that act on the suspension system.

2. Figure 1 - Forces that act on the suspension system.

4. Figure 2 - Leaf springs.

5. Figure 3 - Longitudinal multiple-leaf spring.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

6. Figure 4 - Auxiliary spring under load.

7. Figure 5 - A transverse spring.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

8. Figure 6 - Fixed rate leaf spring (bottom) and variable rate spring (top).

9. Figure 7 - Spring insulators.

10. Figure 8 - Spring rate of a fixed rate coil spring.

11. Figure 9 - Variable rate coil spring designs. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

12. Figure 10 - Longitudinal torsion bar. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

13. Figure 11 - Transverse torsion bar suspension.

14. Figure 12 - Air spring.

15. Figure 13 - Air spring combined with a coil spring.

17. Figure 14 - Basic shock absorber components.

18. Figure 15 - Shock absorber in jounce condition.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

19. Figure 16 - Shock absorber in rebound condition.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

21. Figure 17 - Dual-action hydraulic shock absorber.

22. Figure 18 - Gas-charged shock absorber.

24. Figure 19 - Load leveller shock absorbers.

25. Figure 20 - GM electronic level control shock absorber.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

26. Figure 21 - Automatic ride control shock absorber.

27. Figure 22 - Various shock absorber mounting methods.

28. Figure 23 - Twisting action of stabilizer when cornering.

29. Figure 24 - Front stabilizer. (Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

30. Figure 25 - Rear stabilizer. (Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

31. Figure 26 - Stabilizer replacement parts. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

32. Figure 27 - Stabilizer bar bushings.

33. Figure 28 - A-frame triangulation. (Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

34. Figure 29 - Triangulation of single-pivot lower control arm with strut rod.

35. Figure 30 - Threaded steel suspension bushings.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

36. Figure 31 - Torsilastic suspension bushings.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)

37. Figure 32 - Examples of ball joints. (Courtesy Dana Corporation)

38. Figure 33 - Single I-beam front suspension. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

39. Figure 34 - Twin I-beam front suspension. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

40. Figure 35 - I-beam arrangement with one beam removed.

41. Figure 36 - Short and long arm suspension.

42. Figure 37 - MacPherson strut suspension.

43. Figure 38 - Modified strut.

44. Figure 39 - Double wishbone suspension.

45. Figure 40 - Solid axle rear-wheel drive with leaf springs.(Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

46. Figure 41 - Solid axle rear-wheel drive with coil springs.(Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

47. Figure 42 - Independent rear-wheel drive suspension.(Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

48. Figure 43 - Independent trailing arm suspension.(Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

49. Figure 44 - Solid rear axle suspension typical of many front-wheel drive vehicles. (Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)

50. Figure 45 - Trailing arm rear suspension.(Courtesy Federal Mogul Canada)