IN THE NAME OF GOD

1. IN THE NAME OF GOD Ebola virus and Dengue Fever By:RozitaYousefian

2. History Filovirus epidemics have originated from Africa and apparently from a single source in the Philippines. • 1976: First recognized when two unrelated epidemics occurred in northern Zaire and southern Sudan, with subsequent outbreaks in Sudan, Zaire, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Uganda, DRC, and South Africa • 1989-1991: Another Ebola subtype in Reston, Virginia, among dying cynomolgus monkeys, 1992 in Italy 1996 in the US . • Classified among the highest priority for bioterrorism agents.

4. What is ebula? • Ebola HF is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates • The virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae • There are five identified subtypes of Ebola virus. Four of the five have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth, Ebola-Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans.

5. Disease Agent Characteristics: • Family: Filoviridae; Genus: Ebolavirus • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, helical, cross- striated nucleocapsid, filamentous or pleomorphicvirions that are flexible with extensive branching80 nm in diameter and 970-1200 nm in length • Nucleic acid: Linear, negative-sense, single-strandedRNA, ~18,900 kb in length • Physicochemical properties: Stable at room temperature and can resist desiccation; inactivated at 60°C for30 minutes; infectivity greatly reduced or destroyed by UV light and gamma irradiation, lipid solvents

6. The crystal structure of ebolavirus GP The three GP1 subunits(colored blue and green), mediate attachment to new host cells, and are tethered together by the three GP2 subunits (white). GP2 forms the protein machinery which drives fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell. The human antibody KZ52 (yellow) binds an epitope at the base of the GP chalice where it bridges GP1 to GP2.

7. Ebola Virus Replication

8. Infection, spread and target cell destruction by Ebola virus

9. How is it spread? • researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal. • direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an infected person • contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions.

10. Symptoms and Signs • The incubation period for Ebola HF ranges from 2 to 21 days • The onset of illness is abrupt and is characterized by; Fever headache muscle aches sore throat • Weekness followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. • After 5 days rash, red eyes, hiccups and internal and external bleeding may be seen in some patients.

11. Laboratory diagnosed of ebula • Virus culture • antigen detection • IgG and IgM antibody serology and electron microscopy • ELISA and PCR

12. treatment • There is no standard treatment for Ebola HF. • Patients receive supportive therapy. This consists of balancing the patient’s fluids and electrolytes, maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure, and treating them for any complicating infections.

13. Vaccine • DNA vaccine • VLP-based ebolavirus • VSV-based ebolavirus • DNA prime boost adenovirus vaccine

14. prevention • wearing of protective clothing, such as masks, gloves and goggles • isolation of Ebola HF patients from contact with unprotected persons. • Using properly disinfected equipment and educating health care worker. • If a patient with Ebola HF dies, it is important that direct contact with the body of the dead person be prevented.

15. What is • mosquito-borne disease and viral illness • caused by infection with 1 of 4 types of the dengue virus. • When a person recovers from dengue infection they develop a long-term (not always lifetime) immunity to that type, but not the other 3 types. • If the person is infected again with a different virus type, they may develop the more severe form of the illness known as DHF.

16. World Distribution of Dengue 2008 Atlantic Ocean Pacific ocean Indian Ocean Dengue Risk Areas No Known Dengue Risk

17. How is it spread? • by the bite of an infected dengue mosquito (usually the Aedesaegypti species). • There is no spread from human to human

18. Symptomes of dung fever

19. Sympotomes of DHF • It commonly seen in children under 15 years but can also occur in adults. • It begins with the same symptoms as dengue fever but is followed by rapid deterioration, bleeding and cardiovascular collapse 2-5 days later. • The duration of DHF depends on the severity of the illness and response to treatment. It can be fatal.

20. Laboratory diagnostic • RT-PCR • serologic diagnosis by testing for IgM antibodies to dengue with an IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). • ……..

21. Treatment? • There is no specific treatment or vaccine. • Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be used as they can affect blood clotting • DHF require hospitalization with intensive monitoring and treatment.

22. How to avoid getting dengue fever • 1) Improve environmental monitoring • 2) Support better health surveillance • 3) Improve mosquito control • 4) Reduce global warming pollution to decrease the extent and severity of warming • 5) Provide information for travelers visiting high-risk dengue areas

23. Refrences Jason S. Richardson.et all,Recent advances in ebola virus vaccine development,Human vaccines6:6 439-449,2010 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Information Packet , Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,1-12 2009 Apendix 2,TRANSFUSION,49-2009 Kim Knowlton,et all, Mosquito-Borne Dengue Fever Threat Spreading in the Americas, Natural Resources Defense Council,2009 Dengue fever,center of Disease Control,2010