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RANGELANDS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

This article provides a historical perspective on grazing in rangelands, including the impact of native animals, early livestock grazing, and the expansion of the livestock industry. It also discusses government regulations and the emergence of range management as a scientific discipline.

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RANGELANDS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

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  1. RANGELANDS:AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  2. 1

  3. I) GRAZING BY NATIVE ANIMALS

  4. At the time of settlement by Europeans .. 3 ..perhaps 67 million “animal units” present 2 (Pre-Settlement Grazing Pressure may have approached Current Grazing Pressure)

  5. Overgrazing by Bison in Canada? Four Hudson Bay Fur Company Records(1500’s – 1600’s) (Forage for Horses?)

  6. Overgrazing by Bison in Montana?Meriweather Lewis (1814) 4 6

  7. Overgrazing by Bison in Montana?Meriweather Lewis (1814) 4 5

  8. Overgrazing by Bison in Kansas? Overgrazing of prairies may have led to low numbers of prairie chickens and waterfowl

  9. Impact of Grazing west of the Rockies in North America? 32 Great Basin Shrubland - Utah

  10. II) EARLY LIVESTOCK GRAZING

  11. Hernando Cortez

  12. .. brought the first Cattle and Sheep into Mexico in (1515-1530) 4 8

  13. Francisco Coronado .. 9

  14. .. brought the first livestock into the United States from Mexico in 1540 4

  15. Escaped cattle and horses established stocking ranges throughout the Southwest (NM, AZ, TX, CO) 4

  16. Spanish Settlements in (1600’s) Livestock escape, become established in the Southwest 33

  17. Don Juan de Onate (1590s) … .. moved 4000 sheep, 1000 goats and 1000 cattle from south Texas to northern New Mexico 4 *Key to establishing the livestock industry in the Southwest

  18. Spanish Missions established all along major rivers in the NM, AZ, TX (17th Century) **Spaniards Attempt to “Christianize” Native Americans, and also teach them about farming and animal husbandry 34

  19. Conflict between Spaniards and Native Americans! Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep established in most pueblos by 18th century 10

  20. New Mexico is major supplier of sheep to regions elsewhere in the Southwest (early to mid 19th century)

  21. Patrone System in New Mexico (through the mid 1800s) • Patrones: Recipients of large Spanish, and then Mexican land grants 4 • Peons: Shepherds in charge of individual flocks 4

  22. California Gold Rush (1849) • Nevada Silver Mines • Colorado Gold Mines • Mormon farms in Utah New Mexico Supplies Sheep to the West (mid-1800s) 4

  23. Livestock Industry Expands into the Pacific Northwest (1830-1850s) 4

  24. “Palouse” Country “Palouse Horse” (Beginning of Land Baron Era and Range Exploitation)

  25. III) 1865 – 1900 PERIOD

  26. CIVIL WAR ENDS 12

  27. 13 14

  28. Transcontinental Railroad Act(1862) • Granted large tracts of land • to railroads • Large numbers of people • moved west

  29. Homestead Act (1862) Grants 160 acres of land after 5 year’s residence Encourages large numbers of people to move west to farm

  30. Transcontinental Railroad Completed into Kansas (1866) 4 21

  31. “A Market for Long-Horn Cattle in the East” 4 Longhorn Cattle Drives from Texas to Kansas (1866 – 1885) 15 16

  32. Danger of Cattle Drives 17

  33. Millions of dollars invested to • Supply eastern US, European markets Expansion of Cattle Industry into Northern and Central Great Plains (1870s) 20

  34. 1870 : 4.6 million cattle in western states 1884 : 35-40 million cattle in western states

  35. Sheep Industry Expansion into West (1880s – 1890s) 4 23

  36. 24

  37. CONFLICT!! 1890’s – 1900’s 25

  38. Rangeland Production Declines 1884 – 35-40 million cattle in western states 1890 - 27 million cattle in western states 4 26

  39. WHY? A) Overgrazing B) Severe Summer Droughts (1891 – 1892) C) Severe Winter Weather (1885-1886) 30

  40. Conversion of rangelands to pasture and farmland by homesteaders (1870’s – 1900’s) (Prairies, Palouse)

  41. IV) 1900 - 1930 PERIOD 1) Government Regulation of Grazing 2) Range Management as a Scientific Discipline

  42. 1 http://images.pearsoned-ema.com/jpeg/small/9780130474759.jpg 2 Stoddart, L.A. and A.D. Smith. 1943. Range Management, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY. 3 http://www.naturalkansas.org/images/Bison.jpg 4 Holecheck, J.L., R.D. Pieper and C.H. Herbel. 2004. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 5 http://fineartamerica.com/images-medium/sage-gruff-chip-knobl.jpg 6 http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/tep/opuntia_basilaris_t releasei/images/opuntia_basilaris_treleasei_habitat_lg.jpg 7 Kirsch, L.M. and A.D. Kruse. 1972. Prairie fires and wildlife. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 12:289-305 8 http://www.lawnoven.net/images/Sheep%20Grazing.jpg

  43. 9 http://www.ut.blm.gov/cedarcity_fo/images/cows.jpg 10 http://www.visitusa.com/newmexico/images/toaspic.jpg 11 http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/logging15a.jpg 12 http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/batatlan.jpg 13 http://www.fortogden.com/jupiter1.jpg 14 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/images/hult_sod_02.jpg 15 http://www.chathamhillgames.com/images/west-longhorn.jpg 16 http://www.bio-link.org/res/mapTX.gif 17 http://www.co.wilbarger.tx.us/Crossing.jpg 18 http://www.guidon.com/bookgfx/cozzensv4.jpg

  44. 19 http://images.amazon.com/images/P/080328246X.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg 20 http://media.canada.com/idl/ntnp/20060817/161876-59213.jpg 21 http://www.archives.gov/research/american-west/images/017.jpg 22 http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/kansas/maps/kansas- location-map.gif 23 http://www.gis.net/~shepdog/BC_Museum/Permanent/SheepHerding InTheWest.jpg 24 http://www.geocities.com/james_mcinerney2000/stockwagons.htm 25 http://www.six-mile-ranch.ca/images/cattle-drive-cropt.jpg 26 http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/RNEC/photos/Mar0804a.jpg 27 http://wildsonora.com/img/Cow-Patties.jpg 30 http://www.metcalfemuseum.org/collection_images/skinning_cattle.jpg

  45. 31 http://fineartamerica.com/images-medium/sage-gruff-chip-knobl.jpg 32 http://www.sunsetcities.com/nevada/greatbasin/DSCF0001-schellrangsign.jpg 33 http://thebsreport.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/wild-horses.jpg 34 http://k53.pbase.com/o6/28/566028/1/81012720.Tknbq8qI. nm6copy.jpg 35 http://www.stockinterview.com/News/03162006/WY-sheep.gif

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