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Biotic Response to Climate Change

Biotic Response to Climate Change. No Response (Stasis) Evolution and Adaptation (Species-level) Microevolution (Below Species-level) Dispersal Extinction. Dispersal vs. Migration. Migration (Seasonal) – organisms move across landscapes as part of an annual cycle

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Biotic Response to Climate Change

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  1. Biotic Response to Climate Change • No Response (Stasis) • Evolution and Adaptation (Species-level) • Microevolution (Below Species-level) • Dispersal • Extinction

  2. Dispersal vs. Migration Migration (Seasonal) – organisms move across landscapes as part of an annual cycle (Bird migration, Caribou migration, Fish migration) Dispersal (“Permanent”) – organisms move to new areas in response to environmental shifts

  3. Precipitation & Temperature Gradients in US &Effective Moisture Precipitation: East-West Temperature: North-South C O L D E R DRIER Interaction of Temperature and Precipitation Effective Moisture (EM) = Precipitation (P) – Evaporation (E) If Precipitation remains constant then: Cooler Climates > EM because E is lower Warmer Climates < EM because E is higher

  4. Biomes of North AmericaClimate Control? Biomes Climate

  5. Latitudinal Dispersal with Temperature Change Warmer Climate Colder Climate Colder Climate Warmer Climate

  6. Latitudinal Dispersal with Precipitation Change Drier climate Moister climate

  7. Climate Change for 4,000 to 20,000 years ago Warmer Colder Younger Older

  8. Past Distributions of Bio-Climate Zones

  9. Northern & Southeastern Species Specific Examples of Response to Late Pleistocene Climate Change

  10. Western & Eastern Species Specific Examples of Response to Late Pleistocene Climate Change

  11. Cautionary NoteClimate is not the only thing that limits the distribution of organisms Some Limiting Factors for the Distribution of Cynomysludovicianus(black tail prairie dog) • Precipitation (dry climate) • Soil Moisture (dry but some moisture) • Soil type (not sand) • Soil thickness (1-2 m) • Short grass (no tall grass or forest) • Moderately “large” area (colonial)

  12. Testing Hypotheses Myodes gapperi (red back vole) today http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/ Climate Change Species • Go to Neotoma Database: http://www.neotomadb.org/ • Select Explorer at bottom left • Enlarge North American Map with sliding scale at upper left • Select modern distribution (red polygon at top) and enter species name • Hypothesis: If the climate is colder from 15,000 to 20,000 years ago, then Myodes gapperi should occur farther to the: south, north, east, or west (select one and test hypothesis) • Open search form (binoculars) at top left and enter species name (Myodes gapperi) and dates 20,000 to 15,000 and hit SEARCH • Was your hypothesis correct?

  13. Testing Hypotheses Myodes gapperi (red back vole) today http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna • New Hypothesis: If the climate warms between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago, then will Myodesgapperi move north, south, east, or west? • Test your hypothesis by repeating step six and using the ages of 15,000 and 10,000 • Formulate your own hypothesis for 500 to 4000 years ago (use climate curve above) and now test the hypothesis? • What can you conclude about the climate adaptation of the red back vole and what would you predict will happen to it with future global warming? Climate Record

  14. Select the following species and test your hypotheses: Thomomys talpoides (pocket gopher) Cryptotis parva (least shrew) Microtus xanthognathus (yellow cheeked vole) Cynomys ludovicianus (black tail prairie dog)

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