I. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E.

1. I. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E. II. The Qin and Han Empires, 221 B.C. E.–220, B.C.E. Brummett et al , Civilization, Past & Present

2. I. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E. • A. Neolithic Age, c. 6500–c. 1600 B.C.E.Homo erectus, Homo sapiens • Huanghe River • Yangzi River • Yangshao (5000–3000 B.C.E.) • oracle bones • Sages: • Fu Xi • Shen Nong • Huang Di • Five Sovereigns: • Huang Di • Yao • Shun • Xia Dynasty Yu

3. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E. • B. Bronze Age: The Shang Dynasty • (c. 1600–c. 1027 B.C.E.) • Capitals: • Zhengzhou Anyang • Culture • taotie • pictographs • Rule • oracles • Di, supreme diety • Magic • yin and yang

4. I. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E.C. The Zhou Dynasty (1027?–221 B.C.E.) • Book of Documents • idea of “heavenly mandate” king as “son of heaven” • King Wen — founder • his brother, Duke of Zhou, regent for: • King Wu • son of Wen • moves capital to Luoyang • by 8th century B.C.E., weakness • > 771 B.C.E., overthrown • dynasty survives at Louyang to 250 B.C.E. • [1027-771 B.C.E. — “Western Zhou” • 771-250 B.C.E. — “Eastern Zhou”] • from 335 B.C.E. — wang, rival kings • Warring States (402–221 B.C.E.) • Qin ruler establishes empire by 221 B.C.E.

5. I. The Origins of China, 6500 B.C.E.–221 B.C.E. • C. The Zhou Dynasty (1027?–221 B.C.E.) • Zhou Economy and Society • Technology • iron • plow, better irrigation, fertilization • canals • Religion • ancestor worship • The Book of Songs (1000–600 B.C.E.) • Lady Hao, wife of King Wu • (c. 1200 B.C.E.) Clever men build cities, Clever women topple them… Disorder does not come down from heaven, It is produced by women. from The Book of Songs

6. I. The Creation of China, 7000 B.C.E.–1027 B.C.E. • C. The Zhou Dynasty (1027?–221 B.C.E.) • The Philosophical Schools • Confucianism • Kong Fuzi (c. 551–479 B.C.E.) • Analects — selected sayings • jinzi - gentleman • li — correct behavior • Dao = the way, “moral personality” • stressed ethical values • Mozi (c. 490–391 B.C.E.) • universal love, less emphasis on family “The way (Dao) of learning to be great consists in shining with the illustrious power of moral personality, in making a new people, in abiding in the highest goodness” “Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you” “The noble man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what is profitable” from the writings of Confucius

7. I. The Creation of China, 7000 B.C.E.–1027 B.C.E. • C. The Zhou Dynasty (1027?–221 B.C.E.) • The Philosophical Schools • Mencius (Mengzi, c. 372–c. 289 B.C.E.) • political philosophy • land reform • “well-field” system • “removing the Mandate” • Xunzi (c. 310–c. 220 B.C.E.) • Legalism • Lord Shang (d. 338 B.C.E.) • follower, Han Feizi (d. 233 B.C.E.) • Li Si (d. 208 B.C.E.) • Qin minister • Doaism • Zuangzi (c. 369–c. 286 B.C.E.) • Texts: Daodejing, Zhuangzi

8. II. The Qin and Han Empires, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. • A. The Qin Dynasty • Lord Shang • minister from 361 B.C.E. • legalist • King Zheng (247–210 B.C.E.) • supported by Lu Buwei and Li Si • conquest of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Qi • > 221 B.C.E. Unification • title: Shi Huangdi = emperor • program: • weaken nobles • re-structure society • nobility replaced by 20 ranks • single legal system • influenced by Legalism • unified currency

9. II. The Qin and Han Empires B. The Han Dynasty • Xiang Yu v. Liu Bang • following death of Zheng • Liu Bang victorious, 206 B.C.E. • > Gaozu (202–195 B.C.E.) • 1. Former Han (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.) • balance of wu (military power) and wen (ethical civilian rule) • centralization • use of Confucian scholars • Emperor Wudi (141–87 B.C.E.) • university for government officials • > 30,000 students in Later Han • Ever-Normal Granary Policy, by 51 B.C.E. • to ensure supplies • Expansion • trade with West • development of “Silk Roads”

10. II. The Qin and Han Empires B. The Han Dynasty (cont’d) • Decline • Wang Mang — regent for minors • takes over in 9 C.E. • reforms unsuccessful • 2. Later Han (23–220 C.E.) • 184 C.E. — “Yellow Turbans” • rebellion • messianic: Taipingdao • C. Han Scholarship, Art and Technology • rediscovery of the Zhou period • Sima Qian (c. 145–90 B.C.E.) • The Historical Records (Shiji) • Ban Gu (d. 92 C.E.) • History of the Former Han • Dong Zhongshu (c. 179–104 B.C.E.)

11. II. The Qin and Han Empires B. The Han Dynasty (cont’d) • Decline • Wang Mang — regent for minors • takes over in 9 C.E. • reforms unsuccessful • 2. Later Han (23–220 C.E.) • 184 C.E. — “Yellow Turbans” • rebellion • messianic: Taipingdao • C. Han Scholarship, Art and Technology • rediscovery of the Zhou period • Sima Qian (c. 145–90 B.C.E.) • The Historical Records (Shiji) • Ban Gu (d. 92 C.E.) • History of the Former Han • Dong Zhongshu (c. 179–104 B.C.E.)

12. II. The Qin and Han Empires • D. The Confucian Woman of the Han • Liu Xiang, (79–8 B.C.E.)Biographies of Heroic Women • Ban Zhao (45–116 C.E.), Lessons for Women • E. Religious Daoism and Buddhism • F. China and Foreign Trade • silk for horses, woolens • especially trade with Rome