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Biochemistry Chapter 6. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain CARBON ATOMS And have been alive or are alive. Quiz. ORGANIC COMPOUND or INORGANIC COMPOUND?. ORGANIC COMPOUND or INORGANIC COMPOUND?. ORGANIC COMPOUND or INORGANIC COMPOUND?.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain CARBON ATOMS • And have been alive or are alive
ORGANIC COMPOUND or INORGANIC COMPOUND? Complex chemistry and sci-fi creatures Silicon (Si) sits just below carbon in the periodic table. Like carbon, it can also form bonds with four other atoms at once, form long chains (polymers), and bind to oxygen. There are huge amounts of it on Earth – in it is the second-most abundant element in the Earth’s crust after oxygen.
CARBON BONDING • FOUR electrons in its outermost energy level • to be stable a Carbon Atom needs EIGHT Electrons in its outermost level • Carbon Atom therefore READILY forms FOUR COVALENT BONDS with other Elements. • Which makes it a very stable element!!
CARBON MOLECULES • 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS (MONO = ONE).
CARBON MOLECULES • 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS (MONO = ONE). • 2. Monomers can Bind to one another to form Complex Molecules known as POLYMERS. (POLY = MANY).
CARBON MOLECULES • 1. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from Smaller Simpler Molecules called MONOMERS (MONO = ONE). • 2. Monomers can Bind to one another to form Complex Molecules known as POLYMERS. (POLY = MANY). • 3. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming Large Polymers called MACROMOLECULES. (MACRO = LARGE)
MOLECULES OF LIFE • Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to the life processes of all organisms: • CARBOHYDRATES • LIPIDS (FAT) • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA).
CARBOHYDRATES • The cells of the human body obtain most of their ENERGY from CARBOHYDRATES. • Sugars, Starches and Cellulose are Carbohydrates. • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES-THREE TYPES • MONOSACCHARIDES • DISACCHARIDES • POLYSACCHARIDES.
Sugars are carbohydrates • MONOSACCHARIDES ARE SINGLE SUGARS (Simple Sugar) • GLUCOSE • GALACTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN MILK • FRUCTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN FRUITS.
Sugars are carbohydrates • DISACCHARIDES- DOUBLE SUGARS, CONSIST OF TWO SINGLE SUGARS (Monosaccharides) • Common disaccharides include • SUCROSE- TABLE SUGAR • LACTOSE- MILK SUGAR • MALTOSE- CEREAL GRAINS
Sugars are carbohydrates • POLYSACCHARIDE IS A CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG CHAINS OF SUGARS ("Many Sugars", Three or More Monosaccharides). • The prefix POLY means "Many". • Starches • BREAD, PASTA, AND POTATOES
Plant ENERGY storage • Plants convert excess sugars into Starches for long-term storage.
Animal ENERGY storage • Animals store Glucose in the form of Polysaccharides, Glycogen in the Liver and Muscles to be used as Quick Energy. • Glycogen consist of hundreds of Glucose Molecules strung together
Break time • I know you think Biochem is boring and you are probably right. • But this isn’t boring
PROTEINS • 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD.
PROTEINS • 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. • 2. Our cells need proteins to make other proteins.
PROTEINS • 1. PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, AND BLOOD. • 2. Our cells need proteins to make other proteins. • 3. The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein. AMINO ACIDS.
PROTEINS • 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins. All these proteins are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids.
PROTEINS • 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins. All these proteins are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids. • 5. Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R Group they Carry.
PROTEINS • 4. Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins. All these proteins are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids. • 5. Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R Group they Carry.
PROTEINS • 6. Two Amino Acids bond to form a DIPEPTIDE • 7. Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a PEPTIDE BOND. • 8. Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a time, forming a long chain called a POLYPEPTIDE.
Meat is Protein • How to tell if a hunter has had a DUI.
ENZYMES Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions
LIPIDS OR FATS • 1. Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water.
LIPIDS OR FATS • Lipids store Energy Efficiently. • They have Large Numbers of Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds, which store More Energy than Carbon-Oxygen Bonds common in other Organic Compounds.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA AND RNA • Nucleic Acids are very Large and Complex Organic Molecules that STORE Important Information in the Cell. (Genetic or Heredity Information)
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA AND RNA • Both DNA and RNA are Polymers, composed of thousands of linked Monomers called NUCLEOTIDES.
ENERGY CURRENCY - ATP • Life processes require a constant supply of ENERGY.
An example of biochemistry • Biology and Medicine have enjoyed enormous benefit from a biochemical approach to life. • One example uses the fact that spinning nuclear protons can interact with an external magnetic field in a way that depends on their environment. • To the right is an MRI scan of the head of a human using technology based on these principles. • The technology produced high quality images of soft tissue.
