Chapter 13 Commercial Property Insurance

1. Chapter 13 Commercial Property Insurance

2. Agenda • Commercial Package Policy • Building and Personal Property Coverage Form • Causes-of-Loss Forms • Reporting Forms • Business Income Insurance • Other Commercial Property Coverages • Transportation Insurance • Businessowners Policy (BOP)

3. Commercial Package Policy • Business firms can purchase a commercial package policy (CPP) • A package policy is one that combines two or more coverages into a single policy • A multiple-line policy combines coverages for property and liability into a single policy • A monoline policy contains only one type of coverage • Advantages include: fewer gaps in coverage, lower premiums, and convenience • The CPP is tailored to cover most property and liability loss exposures

4. Components of Commercial Package Policy( CPP) Under the ISO program, each commercial package policy contains: • 1- A common policy declarations page • 2- A common policy conditions page • 3- One or more coverage forms • The two or more coverage parts are selected from these coverages: Commercial property coverage, commercial general liability coverage, commercial crime coverage, equipment breakdown coverage, inland marine coverage, commercial auto coverage, and farm coverage. (Exhibit 13.1 shows various parts of a commercial package policy)

5. Exhibit 13.1 Components of a Sample Commercial Package Policy (CPP) (Endorsements omitted)

6. Common Policy Conditions • Common policy conditions that apply to all lines of insurance include: 1- Cancellation rights for each party 2- Changes. A provision stating that the only permissible changes are endorsements 3- Examination of books and records. The insurer as the right to audit the insured’s books at any time during the policy period and up to three years after coverage expires. 4- Inspections and surveys. The insurer has the right to make inspections and surveys that relate to insurability and premiums charged. 5-The first named insured in the declarations is responsible for premium payments. 5-Transfer of rights and duties. The insured’s rights and duties under the policy can’t be transferred to another party without the consent of the insurer.

7. Building and Personal Property Coverage Form • The building and personal property (BPP) coverage form is a commercial property coverage part that is widely used to cover a direct physical damage loss to commercial buildings and personal property

8. Covered Property The insured can select the property to be covered. -Buildings -Named insured’s business personal property -Personal property of others in the care, custody, or control of the named insured 1-Building • The building that is described in the declarations includes any completed additions, fixtures and permanently installed machinery and equipment. • Equipment used to maintain or service the building (fire-extinguishing equipment, appliances for cooking and dishwashing, floor buffers, and vacuum cleaners) is covered.

9. 2-Named insured’s business personal property • Business personal property of the named insured inside or on the building or within 100 feet of the premises is covered. • All personal property owned by the insured and used in the insured's business includes furniture and fixtures; computer systems, machinery and equipment; stock or inventory; and other properties. • The insured’s use interest in improvements and betterments as a tenant is also covered as business personal property. Example: fixtures, alterations, installations, or additions that are made part of the building at the insured’s expense,e.g., installation of a new air conditioning.

10. Coverage includes the insured’s use interest in improvements and betterments as a tenant Example: fixtures, alterations, installations, or additions that are made part of the building at the insured’s expense. 3-Personal property of others . Personal property of others in the care, custody, or control of the named insured is also covered Example: A tornado destroys a machinery repair shop ,and the equipment belongs to customers is damaged. The loss is covered.

11. A causes-of-loss form must be added to the policy to have a complete contract The form specifies the covered perils for the business and personal property coverage The causes-of-loss basic form provides coverage for 11 basic causes of loss: Causes-of-Loss Forms

12. Causes-of-Loss Forms • The causes-of-loss broad form includes all causes of loss covered by the basic form plus: • Falling objects • Weight of snow, ice, or sleet • Water damage • Also, collapse is covered for certain causes, such as hidden decay • The causes-of-loss special form insures against “risks of direct physical loss” unless specifically excluded

13. Reporting Forms • A reporting form requires the insured to report periodically the value of insured business personal property • The value reporting form is used to insure fluctuations in business personal property • Premiums are based on the actual value of the covered property • If the insured underreports the property values at a location, and a loss occurs at that location, recovery is limited to the proportion that the last value reported bears to the correct value that should have been reported. Example: If the actual value of business personal property on hand, including inventory, is $500,000 , and the insured reports only $400,000, only four-fifth of any loss will be paid( less deductible).

14. A peak season endorsement increases the amount of insurance in force during a specified period to reflect higher inventory values.

15. Business Income Insurance • Business income insurance covers indirect(consequential) losses that occur as a result of direct physical damage to covered property. • Business income insurance is designed to cover the loss of business income, expenses that continue during the shutdown period, and extra expenses because of loss from a covered peril • The business income (and extra expense) form covers the loss of business income due to suspension of operations • Business income is defined as the net profit or loss before income taxes that would have been earned, and continuing normal operating expenses, including payroll

16. Business Income Insurance • The extra expense coverage form is a separate form that can be used to cover the extra expenses incurred by the firm in continuing operations during a period of restoration • Can be used by firms that must continue to operate after a loss occurs, such as a newspaper • The form does not cover loss of business income • Expenses to continue operations are covered, subject to certain limits

17. Other Commercial Property Coverages • Some firms have certain needs that require more specialized property coverage • The builders risk coverage form can be used to insure buildings under construction • Covers the insurable interest of a general contractor, subcontractor, or building owner • Insurance is purchased equal to the full value of the completed building • A builders risk reporting form can be attached as an endorsement which requires the builder to report monthly the value of the building under construction.

18. Other Commercial Property Coverages • A condominium association coverage form covers commercial and residential condominiums • Coverage includes the association’s personal property, such as exercise room equipment • Coverage also includes personal property in the association’s care, such as leased lawn mowers • Businesses that own units in a condominium building can purchase a condominium commercial unit-owners coverage form • Not used for residential condominium units • The form covers the business property of the unit owner, such as furniture, fixtures and improvements, machinery and equipment

19. Other Commercial Property Coverages • Equipment breakdown insurance covers losses due to the accidental breakdown of covered equipment, such as steam boilers, refrigeration equipment, and computer equipment • These losses are not covered under the causes-of-loss forms • A breakdown is a direct physical loss that causes damage to covered equipment • Covered equipment includes the boiler, machinery, electrical, mechanical, communication and computer equipment insured under the policy

20. Other Commercial Property Coverages • The current ISO form for equipment breakdown insurance may include, for example: • Property damage • Expediting expenses • Business income and extra expense-extra expense only • Spoilage damage • Utility interruption • Errors and omissions • Brands and labels

21. Other Commercial Property Coverages • Difference in Conditions (DIC) insurance is an “all-risks” policy that covers other perils not insured by basic property insurance contracts • The coverage fills gaps in commercial property coverage • The coverage can be used to insure unusual and catastrophic exposures that are not covered by the underlying contracts • A substantial deductible must be satisfied for losses not covered by the underlying contracts • Many multinational corporations(MNCs) use a DIC policy to insurer their overseas properties.

22. Transportation Insurance • Ocean marine insurance provides protection for goods transported over water • Ocean marine insurance comes in several different forms: • Hull insurance covers physical damage to the ship or vessel • A collision liability clause (running down clause) covers the owner’s legal liability if the ship collides with another vessel or damages its cargo • Cargo insurance covers the shipper of the goods if the goods are damaged or lost • Regular shipments can be covered with an open-cargo policy

23. Transportation Insurance • Protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance is usually written as a separate contract that provides comprehensive liability insurance for property damage or bodily injury to third parties • Freight insurance indemnifies the ship owner for the loss of earnings if the goods are damaged or lost and are not delivered

24. Transportation Insurance • Ocean marine insurance is based on certain fundamental concepts, or implied warranties: • The owner implicitly warrants that the vessel is seaworthy • The ship can only deviate from its original course to avoid an accident, or to save the life of an individual on board, or rescue persons from another vessel • The purpose of the voyage is legal • The ocean marine policy provides broad coverage for perils of the sea, such as bad weather, high waves, collision, sinking, and stranding

25. Transportation Insurance • A particular average is a loss that falls entirely on a particular interest • Under the free-of-particular average (FPA) clause, partial losses are not covered unless the loss is caused by certain perils, such as stranding or sinking • A general average is a loss that falls on all parties to the voyage, incurred for the common good • Each party must pay its share of the loss based on the proportion that its interest bears to the total value in the venture • Conditions for a general average loss include imminent peril, voluntary sacrifice, preservation of at least part of the value

26. Transportation Insurance • Inland marine insurance provides protection for goods shipped on land • The coverage grew out of ocean marine insurance • Conflicts between fire and marine insurers were resolved with a nationwide marine definition in 1933, to define the types of property that marine insurers could write • The current definition includes imports, exports, domestic shipments, means of transportation and communication, personal property floater risks, and commercial property floater risks

27. Transportation Insurance • Commercial property that can be insured by inland marine contracts include: • Losses to domestic goods in transit • Property held by a bailee, such as dry cleaner • Mobile equipment, such as a tractor • Property of certain dealers, such as jewelers and dealers in fine art • Means of transportation and communication, which is property at a fixed location that is used in transportation or communications, such as a bridge or television tower

28. Transportation Insurance • Inland marine contracts are classified as either filed or nonfiled forms • Filed forms are filed with the state insurance department, and are typically used in situations where there are a large number of potential insureds • Forms under the ISO simplified commercial inland marine program include, for example: • Accounts receivable coverage • Camera and musical instrument dealers coverage • Film coverage form

29. Transportation Insurance • Nonfiled inland marine forms are used to meet specialized needs • An annual transit policy can be used to cover the shipment of goods on public trucks, railroads, and coastal vessels • A trip transit policy is used by firms to cover a single shipment • A business floater covers property that frequently moves from one location to another, such as contractors equipment and garments in the process of manufacturing

30. Businessowners Policy • A businessowners policy (BOP) is a package policy specifically designed for small- to medium-sized retail stores, office buildings, apartment buildings, and similar firms • The ISO BOP provides both property and liability coverage in one policy • Businesses are ineligible if their loss exposures are outside those contemplated for the average small- to medium-sized firm • Coverage includes buildings described in the declarations, fixtures, permanently installed machinery and equipment

31. Businessowners Policy • Property losses are covered on an “all-risks” basis • Business personal property, including property in the insured’s care, is also covered • A peak season provision provides for a temporary increase of 25% of the amount of insurance when inventory values are at their peak • Some addition coverages include debris removal, collapse, and interruption of computer operations • A standard deductible of $500 per occurrence applies to all property coverages

32. Businessowners Policy • For an additional cost, businessowners can also cover: • Outdoor signs • Money and securities • Employee dishonesty • Mechanical breakdown • The BOP also includes business liability coverage similar to the commercial general liability policy (CGL) • The businessowner is insured for bodily injury and property damage liability, and advertising and personal injury liabilit