Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology

1. Traditional Medicine & Herbal Technology COUNTRY PAPER (INDIA) Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001

2. Traditional Medicine • The tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practices prevalent before the emergence of modern medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as Traditional Medicine • Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in developing countries but still a living tradition in Third World Nations. • The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of the region.

3. Traditional Medicine in India The Traditonal Medicine in India function through two streams: 1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the ‘vaidyas’ or the tribal physicians. These streams of inherited traditions are together known as ‘local health traditions’(LHT). LHT represent an autonomous, community –supported living tradition. It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primary health care needs of the indian rural mass often goes unnotied due to the dominance of the western medicine

4. Traditional Medicine in India (Contd) 2. Classical stream –Organized systems (1)  This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and philosophical explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.

5. Local Health Traditions (LHT) The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels: Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers – to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in local languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations for treating a variety of human ailments.

6. Traditional Carrier Subjects Nos. Housewives and elders Home remedies, Food and nutrition Millions Traditional birth attendants Normal deliveries 7 lakhs Herbal healers Common ailments 3 lakhs Bone-setters Visha Vaidhyas (Snake, Scorpion, Dog) Orthopedics Natural poisons 60,000 60,000 Specialists *Nethra *Skin *Respiratory *Dental *Arthritis *Mental Diseases *Liver *GIT *Wounds *Fistula Piles *1000 in each area Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India Source – Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore

7. Local Health Traditions(Contd.) 2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the “All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology” (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.

8. Indian System of Medicines The promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctrines of “Darshana” philosophy, particularly the ‘Nyaya’, ‘Sankhya’ and ‘Vaiseshika’, which encompassed all sciences – physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While ‘Darshana’ philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages. It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.

9. Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Rasayana Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced.

10. Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Panchakarma Panchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with the removal of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify the biological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease and preservation and promotion of health, as well as the management of psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenic conditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, a classical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana (emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema), Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).

11. Indian System of Medicines (Contd) Pizhichil In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances. Shirobasti This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.

12. Indian System of Medicines(Contd) Shirodhara This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and hypertension. Ksharasutra This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern surgery is contra-indicated.

13. THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY 1. Determine PRAKRUTI(Constitution) by -history taking -Observations • . NIDANA(Diagnosis) • Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts • . Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas. • . SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification • . AHARA: Dietary modifications • . PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body • . AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.

14. Some Ancient Treatise 1.      Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse 2.      Garuna Purana:treatment of horse and elephants 3.      Shalihotra Samhita:Treatment of diseases of horse 4.      Matasya Purana:mentions older treatise by Pakapya muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes 5.   Shyama Shastra:Middle ages. Treatment of birds, specially pigeons Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat Dronacharyaspecially trained Nakula and Sahdev in treatment of horses Nakulais said to have authored a treatise on horses Nalawas an expert in treatment of horses and also calledAshwavid [Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998] TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA

15. Hospitals System 3004 with 60666 beds Colleges Dispensaries 23028 Undergraduate Post graduate Ayurveda 198 55 Unani 39 5 Siddha 2 2 Homeopathy 166 17 Total 405 77 Admission capacity 16845 821 MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India Medical education facilities in India

16. No. Name of State No. of College No. Name of State No. of College 1. Andhra Pradesh 4 12. Karnataka 47 2. Assam 1 13. Kerala 5 3. Bihar 12 14. Madhya Pradesh 9 4. Chhattisgarh 1 15. Maharashtra 57 5. Delhi 1 16. Orissa 6 6. Goa 1 17. Punjab 11 7. Gujarat 10 18. Rajasthan 4 8. Haryana 5 19. Tamil Nadu 4 9. Himachal Pradesh 1 20. Uttaranchal 3 10. Jammu-Kashmir 1 21. Uttar Pradesh 12 11. Jharkhand 1 22 West Bengal 2 TOTAL 198 MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.) Number of Ayurveda colleges – Statewise

17. Ayurveda 427504 Unani 42445 Siddha 16599 Naturopathy 429 Homeopathy 194147 Total 681124 MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.) Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India Acts administered in the ISM Sector 1.        Central Council of Medicine Act of 1973 2.Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973 3.Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under 4.Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.

18. MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.) Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India Central Council of Indian Medicine Central Council of Homeopathy (for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners) Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine Research Councils under Central Government Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the country Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 units Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 units Central Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 units Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy

19. MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.) National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment) National Institute of Homeopathy, Calcutta National Institute of Naturopathy, Pune Moraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi National Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment) Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine Ghaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad

20. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for assessment of herbals address the following: • Pharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations, finished products, stability). • Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based on experience). • Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity, evidence required to support indication). • Product information to consumers. • Marketing

21. Total number of flowering plants 17,500 spp. Tribal Medicine 8000 spp. Folklore / LHT - 5000 spp. 3 2 5 4 1 Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in India Siddha 800 spp. Ayurveda 900 spp. Modern Medicine 30 spp. Amchi 300 spp. Unani 700 spp.

22. Compound Plant Species Acetyl digoxin Digitalis lanata Ajmalicine Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp. Ajmmaline Rauvolfia serpentina Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata Artemissine Artemisia annua Asiaticoside Centella asiatica Berberine Berberis spp. Caffeine Camellia sinensis Caffeine Camellia sinensis Cocaine Erythroxylum cocoa Codeine Papaver spp. Codiene Papaver somniferum Colchicine Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba Curcumin Curcuma longa Digitoxin, Digoxin, Digitoxigenin Digitalis spp. Emetine Cephaelis ipecacuanha Ephedrine Ephedra gerardiana Ergometrine, Ergotamine, Ergotoxin Claviceps purpurea on Rye plants Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycyrrhiza glabra Hesperidin Citrus spp. Mentha spp. Examples of some important plant derived drugs Contd..

23. Examples of some important plant derived drugs(Contd..) Thymol Hyoscine Duboisia spp. Thymus vulgaris Vinblastine, Vincristine Hyoscyamine Datura spp, Hyscyamus spp. Catharanthus roseus Xanthotoxin L-Dopa Mucuna pruriens Ammi majus, Heracleum candicans Menthol Chemical Intermediates Mentha spp. Citral Morphine Papaver spp. Lemon grass Papain Diosgenin Carica papaya Dioscorea spp. Costus spp. Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol) Podophyliotoxin Soya & Calabar Beans Podophyllum emodi Quinine, Quinidine Cinchona spp. Solasodine Solanum Reserpine & Deserpidine Rauvolfia serpentina, Hypercin, Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum Rutin Eucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonica Scopolamin Datura sp. Sennosides A&B Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia Silymarin Silybum marianum Strychnine Strychnos nux-vomica Taxol Taxus baccata

24. Institutions operating Central scheme for development of Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India

25. Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow • Acorus calamus Linn. • Albizia lebbeck Benth. • Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. • Optis teeta • Anogeissus latifolia Bedd • Arnebia nobilis Reichb. • Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub. (syn.B.frondosa Roxb.) • Cinnamoum tamala • Coscinium fenestratum • Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanha Stokes ) • Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn. C.nurvala Buch.Ham) • Curcuma amada Roxb. • Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. • Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.) • Euphorbia prostrata Linn. • Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. • Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. • Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham. • Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. • Hemldesmus indicus R.Br. • Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. • Leucas cephalotes spreng. • Mesua ferrea Linn. • Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. , • Onosma bracteatum Wall. • Operculina turpethum Linn. • Pueraria tuberosa DC. • Rubia cordifolia Linn. • Streblus asper Lour. • Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) • Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. • Wedelia calendulacea Less.

26. Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali, Punjab

27. Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram

28. Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad

29. Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu

30. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS • Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs • Use of GMP procedures and QC • Certified shelf life and improved dosage form • Validated indications and contraindications • Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations • Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice • Inclusion in essential list of drugs • Adjunct to existing drugs • Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory • Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active constituents • IPR protection wherever feasible • Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias. • New indications for Ayurvedic drugs • Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice • Utilizing leads from other countries • Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species • Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use

31. AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION (Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta) A. Pharmacognostical Study 1.NamaName of the Drug 2.RupamBotanical features 3.Desa jatamHabitat 4.Ritu grhitamSeason of collection 5.GrhitamSpecies and part used 6.NihitamWay of storage and prevention

32. Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces Estimated No. of Med. Plant spp. Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India 1. Trans-Himalayan - 700 2. The Himalayan 2A- North-West Himalaya 1,700 2B- West Himalaya 2C- Central Himalaya 2D-East Himalaya 3. Desert 3A-Kutch 500 3B Thar 4. Semi-Arid 4A- Punjab 1000 4B-Gujarat-Rajwar 5. Western Ghats 5A-Malabar Coast 2000 5B-Western Ghats Mountains 6. Deccan Peninsula 6A-Deccan Plateau South 3000 6B- Central Plateau 6C-Eastern Plateau 6D- Chhota Nagpur 6E- Central High land 7. Gangetic Plain 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain 1000 7-B Lower Gangetic Plain 8. North-East India 8A-Brahmaputra Valley 2000 8B-Assam Hills 9. Islands 9 A - Andaman Islands  1000 9 B - Nicobar Islands 9 C - Lakshadweep Islands 10. Coasts 10-A West Coast  500 Source FRLHT, Bangalore

33. The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants

34. IUCN RED LIST CRITERIA IUCN Red List criteria (1995) include the following: Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died. Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside the past range. Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10 sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals). Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated <5000 km2 of area of occupancy or 500 km2 in fragmented areas; estimated 2500 individuals or subpopulation of 250 mature individuals. Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the last 20 years; estimated <20000 km2 of occupancy or <2000 km2 in fragmented population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals). Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat specific conservation programme which directly affects the taxon in question. The cessation of this program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories. Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. Low Risk (LR): A taxon is Low Risk when it has been evaluated and does not qualify for any of the categories, Critically Endangered, Endangered Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent or Data Deficient. Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria. Source: IUCN 1995, IUCN Red List Categories, Prepared by species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

35. Species Name Species Name No. of Accessions No.of Accessions Achillea spp. Solanum spp. 17 17 Andrographis paniculata Tagetes spp. 20 56 Trichosanthes spp. Cassia spp. 22 11 Trigonella foenum-graecum Catharanthus roseus 11 37 Datura spp. Withania somnifera 26 19 Aconitum balfourii Digitalis spp. 1 16 Matricaria spp. Costus speciosus 11 1 Eremostachys superba Mucuna spp. 1 117 Picrorhiza kurrooa Ocimum spp. 187 1 Rheum australe Papaver somniferum 288 3 Plantago spp. Saussurea costus 4 19 Psoralea corylifolia Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 50 307 Salvia spp. Total 1253 11 Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

36. Sl. No. Plants No. of accession 1. Aloe spp. (Aloe) 53 2. Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) 50 3. Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) 5 4. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) 56 5. Commiphora wightii (Guggal) 67 6. Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) 41 7. Plantago ovata (Isabgol) 12 8. Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) 12 9. Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) 38 10. Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) 6 11. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) 11 Total 351 Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP

37. Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used 1. Jawahar Isabgol Plantago ovata JNKVV, Jabalpur Seeds, husk 2. Gujarat Isabgol-1 “ “ GAU-RC, Mehsana “ “ 3. G.I.-2 “ “ “ “ “ “ 4. Niharika “ “ CIMAP, Lucknow “ “ 5. Sona Cassia angustifolia “ “ Leaves, pods 6. ALFT-2 “ “ GAU, Anand “ “ 7. Shweta Papaver somniferum CIMAP, Lucknow Latex, seeds 8. Shyama “ “ “ “ “ “ 9. Sampada “ “ “ “ “ “ 10. Sanchita “ “ “ “ Straw “ 11. Shubhra “ “ “ “ “ “ 12. Sujata “ “ “ “ Seeds 13. Kirtiman “ “ NDUAT, Faizabad Latex, seeds 14. Trishna “ “ NBPGR, New Delhi “ “ 15. Rajhans “ “ RAU, Udaipur “ “ 16. NBRI-3 “ “ NBRI, Lucknow “ “ 17. Jawahar Afim-16 “ “ JNKVV, Mandsaur “ “ 18. Udaipur opium “ “ RU, Udaipur “ “ 19. Aela Hyoscyamus niger CIMAP, Lucknow Biomass 20. Aekla “ “ “ “ “ 21. IC-66 “ “ NBPGR, New Delhi “ 22. NP-41 H. muticus CIMAP, Lucknow “ Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions Contd…

38. Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop (Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions(Contd.) 23. HMT-1 “ “ “ “ “ 24. Hansa Chysanthemum cinerariefolium “ “ Flowers 25. Jhelum “ “ “ “ “ 26. Nirmal Catharanthus roseus “ “ Roots, leaves 27. Dhawal “ “ “ “ “ “ 28. Asha Artemisia annua “ “ Biomass 29. S-3 Dioscorea floribunda “ “ Rhizome 30. S-2-58 D. composita NBPGR, New Delhi “ 31. FB (C) – I D. floribunda IIHR, Bangalore “ 32. Arka-Upkar “ “ “ “ “ 33. RS-1 Rauvolfia serpentina JNKVV, Indore “ 34. Jawahar Asgandh Withania somnifera JNKVV, Mandsaur Roots 35. Poshita “ “ CIMAP, Lucknow “ 36. RRL (Purple) Datura metel RRL, Jammu Biomass 37. RRL (Green) “ “ “ “ “ 38. SL-831 Asparagus officinalis “ “ Spears 39. RRL-20-2 Solanum khasianum “ “ Biomass berries 40. RRL-SL-6 “ “ “ “ “ 41. Glaxo S. viarum Glaxo, India Berries 42. IIHR 2n-11 “ “ IIHR, Bangalore “ 43. Arka-Sanjivani “ “ “ “ “ 44. Arka-Mahima “ “ “ “ “ 45. EC-113465 S. lanciniatum YSPHU, Solan “ Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)

39. Sl. No. Crop Variety Developed by Year of Release Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAUs 1 Cassia angustifolia (Senna) Anand Late Selection Anand 1989 2 Digitalis lanata (Foxglove) D. 76 Solan 1991 3 Glaucium flavum (Yellow Horned Poppy) H47-3 Solan 1991 4 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) Haryana Mulhatti-1 Hisar 1989 5 Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian Henbane) HMI-80-1 Indore - 6 Lepidium sativum (Cress) Anand 1998 7 Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Jawahar Opium 539 Mandsur 1997 8 Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Jawahar Opium 540 Mandsur 1998 9 Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Chetak Aphim Udaipur 1994 10 Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy) Trisna Delhi - 11 Piper longum (Long Pepper) Viswam Trichur 1996 12 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Haryana Isabgol-5 Hisar 1989 13 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Jawahar Isabgol-4 Mandsur 1996 14 Solanum laciniatum NH 88-12 Solan 1991 15 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Jawahar Asgand-20 Mandsur 1989 16 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Jawahar Asgand-134 Mandsur 1998