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Explore the dynamic Islamic society structure, highlighting spiritual equality and economic advancements. Learn about the rights of women, scholarship, and developments in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and art. Dive into the architectural marvels of mosques reflecting the glory of Islam.
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Social Structure • Spiritual equality (not wealth) • Elite were ruling families and wealthy merchants • Non-Muslims lower in society • Paid jizya, or religious tax • Slaves used for war and labor • Treatment supposed to be reasonable
Economy and Trade • Trade routes increased wealth and improved diet • Advanced banking system • Introduction of credit and use of banking • Farming estates controlled by the wealthy
Rights of Women • Quran granted spiritual and social equality • Could own property and divorce • Husbands paid dowry, or sum of money, to wife’s family • Older traditions restricted rights • Required women to cover all parts of their body
Scholarship and Philosophy • Translated Greek works into Arabic • Eventually recorded works in books • Philosophic commentary on Aristotle أرىكلإنسانيرىعيبغيرهويعمىعنالعيبالذيهوفيه “Everyone is critical of the flaws of others, but blind to their own.” أشدالفاقةعدمالعقل “Lack of intelligence is the greatest poverty.”
Mathematics and Astronomy • Mathematics borrowed from India • “Hindi” numerals now known as “Arabic” numerals • Trigonometry and algebra • Developments in Astronomy • Astrolabe used positions of stars to tell direction
Medicine and Science • Al-Razi • Medical encyclopedia • Contagious diseases • Translated works sent to Europe • Ibn al-Hazen • Best known for work with optics and astronomy
Art and Architecture • Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions • Arabesques • Geometric patterns repeated over and over again
Mosques represent glory of Islam • Muezzin calls Muslims to prayer • Tower he calls from known as a minaret
