Dr. Henry C. Lee Chief Emeritus, Connecticut State Police Professor, University of New Haven

1. Criminal Investigation New Investigative Techniques Pattern Evidence on Body Dr. Henry C. Lee Chief Emeritus, Connecticut State Police Professor, University of New Haven Director, Forensic Research Center

2. Information Theory

3. Investigative Technology • Image Enhancement & Analysis • Digital Video Recording & Analysis • Crime Scene Site Identification • Electronic Monitoring • Artificial Intelligence • Biometric Identification • Crime Mapping & Analysis • Pattern Evidence Analysis • Data Collection & Data Mining • Reconstruction of Crime Scene

4. Recognition Scene Process Documentation Reservation Collection Laboratory Process Identification Comparison Individualization Court Process Reconstruction Interpretation

5. Crime Scene • Type of scene - indoor vs outdoor - primary vs secondary - organized vs unorganized - staged vs normal - dynamic vs passive - universal vs. microscopic

6. New Crime Scene Theory 現場新定義

7. Come out of Box Transient Evidence蹈 臨時鏗物証 Pattern Evidence 痕跡鏗物証 Conditional Evidence 情况鏗物証 Transfer Evidence 移轉鏗物証 Associative Evidence 連鎖鏗物証

8. Pattern Evidence • Recognition of pattern • Identification of pattern • Documentation of pattern • Enhancement of Pattern • Comparison of pattern. • Mechanism of transfer

9. Bloodstain Patterns • Drop, Drip and Satellite Pattern • Swipe, Wipe and Smudges • Impact, Splash, and Gushing • Contact and Transfer • Cast off and Wave Cast off • Imprint and Impression • Low, Medium and High Impact Spatter

10. Blood as Evidence • PATTERN • Location of Stain • Position of stain • Direction of stain • Condition of stain • Size & shape of stain • Amount & distribution of stain • TYPING • ABO System • Red cell system • Serum grouping • Isoenyme typing • DNA • Sex, Race, Age, Other determination

13. Static Contact Pattern Dynamic Contact Pattern

14. Types of Pattern on Body • Mark Made By Human • Mark Made By Weapons • Mark Made By Tools • Mark Made By Animals • Mark Made By Objects • Mark Made By Vehicle • Mark Made By Clothing

15. Imprint Impression Evidence • Human – Fingerprint, Footprint, Lip print, Ear print, Body print, Handwriting. • Animal – Paw print, Body print. • Vehicle – Tire Track, Impact Pattern, Damage Pattern. • Clothing- Fabric Pattern, Logo Imprint, Accessory Imprint, Shoe Patterns • Objects – Tool-marks, Bullets & Casings, Weapon Pattern, Typewriter & Pattern, Marks & Trade Stamps.

16. Methods for Pattern Enhancement • Photographic Methods • Chemical Methods • Lighting and Filtering • Casting and Lifting

17. Imprint Pattern Evidence at Scene • Finger / hand prints • Foot / shoe prints • Tire marks • Bullet striations • Casing imprints • Handwritings • Ear prints / nose prints • Cutting mark of Body parts • Machine marks • Tool marks

18. Physical Pattern on Body • Footprint patterns • Tool mark patterns • Shoeprint patterns • Tire track patterns • Bloodstain patterns • Semen strain patterns • Wound / injury patterns • Rope/Ligature Marks • Weapon Marks

19. Types of Pattern on Body • Mark Made By Human • Mark Made By Weapons • Mark Made By Tools • Mark Made By Animals • Mark Made By Objects • Mark Made By Vehicle • Mark Made By Clothing

20. Mark Made By Human • Bite Mark • Fingerprint • Footprint • Handprint • Nail Mark • Wound Pattern

21. Mark Made by Animals & Insects • Dog bite • Claw Marks • Insect Bite • Animal Bite • Scratch Marks • Bacteria Infection

22. Mark Made By Object • Mark Made By Tools • Mark Made By Weapons • Mark Made By Vehicle • Mark Made By Clothing

23. Mark Made By Weapon • Sharp Instrument • Blunt Instrument • Gunshot Wound • Rope/Ligature • Burn Patterns

24. Types of Sharp Force Injury • Stabbing Wound • Cutting Wound • Chopping Wound • Slashing Wound • Scraping Wound

25. Sharp Instruments Knife Speer Sword Needle Arrow Screwdriver Axe Ice pick Machete Glass Hatchet Meat Clever Axe Scissor

26. Sharp Force Wound Sharp edges, Clear penetration and separation • Blunt Force Injury Blunt-impact-crushes & tear Laceration-Abraded edges, undermined

27. Sharp Instruments Knife Spear Sword Needle Arrow Screwdriver Axe Ice pick Machete Glass Hatchet Meat Clever Needle, Nail Scissor

28. Special Wound Pattern Lacerations Split Bridge of soft tissue Abraded Edge Marginal Abrasion Patterned Abrasion Chipping

29. Gun Shot Wound Shooting Distance Ranges • Contact • Close Range • Intermediate range • Distant range

30. Contact Discharge • Muzzle against the skin • Single and circular wound • Entrance hole approximate diameter of bore • Little or no soot on skin • Little or no burn on skin • Muzzle mark on skin • GSR in wound track

31. Close Range Discharge • Muzzle near skin (not a contact) • Circular Wound – right angle • Elliptical wound – slanted angle • Nibbling / cremation around wound edge • Blackened / soot on edge of wound • Annular / distant bruising • Singeing of hair / skin • GSR around wound

32. Mid-range Discharge • Smoke / soot diminished 20-40cm • Muzzle to target – 15cm to 2 m • Powder tattooing around wound 20-6- cm • Cremated / scalloped wound edges • One central entrance hole 1m • Satellite holes around central hole – 1m

33. Distance Discharge • Muzzle to target - 2m • No burning / soot on skin • Few GSR particles • Wad may be present – 5m • Central hole diminished 6- 10 m • Spread of pellets increase

34. Mark Made by Animals & Insects • Dog bite • Claw Marks • Insect Bite • Animal Bite • Scratch Marks • Bacteria Infection

35. Examination of Pattern Evidence • Recognition of pattern • Documentation of pattern • Identification of pattern • Comparison of pattern. • Mechanism of transfer

36. Recognition of Pattern Evidence • Imprint vs.Indentation • Human vs. Animal origin • Weapon vs. Artificial mark • Direct vs. Secondary • Bloody Imprint vs. Impression in Blood

37. Documentation of Pattern Evidence • Photographs • Video Taping • Notes • Diagrams • Sketches • Recording

38. Identification of Pattern Evidence • Pattern made by hands • Pattern made by foot • Pattern made by Rope • Pattern made by Weapons • Pattern made by Teeth, Nail • Pattern made by Vehicle • Pattern made by Objects