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WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT

WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT. Nicola Lamaddalena Mediterranean Agronomic Institut of Bari CIHEAM - IAMB. BLUE PLAN WORKSHOP Zaragoza (Spain), 19 - 21 March 2007. THEMATIC SESSION ON WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT. THREE MAIN ASPECTS: Institutional aspects

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WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT

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  1. WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT Nicola Lamaddalena Mediterranean Agronomic Institut of Bari CIHEAM - IAMB BLUE PLAN WORKSHOP Zaragoza (Spain), 19 - 21 March 2007

  2. THEMATIC SESSION ON WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT THREE MAIN ASPECTS: Institutional aspects Integration of the objectives of WDM into the agricultural policies Use of appropriate tariff rules Improving water management at WUA level

  3. HAMDY:Synthesis of the RAP–WRM Key message: Importance of the regional partnership to support dissemination initiatives and sharing knowledge on Water Demand Management • BCHIR, BACHTA: Critical analysis (using the games theory) of the institutional reform in Tunisia (started since 1990) on Water Resources Management. Such a reform was characterized by the change from SUPPLY Management (centralized) to DEMAND Management (decentralized and participatory) The interactions among different institutional stakeholders were analyzed. The achieved results and their limitations were presented. • Key message: Needs of continuous monitoring of the implementation and efficacy of the Institutional Reforms

  4. LEBDI: the implementation of the participatory management approach in the Ras Jebel district in Tunisia was analyzed. Economic Objectives (income and production), Environmental Objectives (groundwater status) and Social Objectives (reduction of conflicts) were considered in the analysis. Key message: Importance of institutional and capacity-building aspects Key message: Importance to identify solutions well adapted to the local context • BLANCO: the combined effect of the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) and the Water Framework Directive was analyzed in two water basins in Spain, in terms of reduction of water demand and farmers income. Both the policies bring to a reduction of water demand and farmers income. Key message: Need to integrate the environment in the sectoral policies. Key message: Need to identify tools for monitoring and evaluating the efficacy of such integration

  5. SBEIH: an interesting overview on the irrigation in Palestine was presented. The effect of water tariff on the reduction of water consumptions and on a better water allocation aiming at an increasing of irrigated areas is analyzed. This approach may produce also an increased income for farmers.  Key message: Importance of water tariff for a better use of water resources • PLAYAN: the software ADOR is presented as a tool to support the management of irrigation in the Ebro Valley districts. Key message: Importance of introducing Information technologies and innovation methods for improving WDM at basin level Key message: Importance to collect reliable data of water use and water availability

  6. OTHER PAPERS • The Role of Supplementary Irrigation for Food Production in a Semi-Arid Country, M. Sbeih • -Perte des Eaux Pluviales et Problématique de leur Collecte dans le Sud Tunisine, L’Association pour le Développement Durable «ADD» Médenine – Tunisie. • -Impact of the Nile Basin Initiative on the Agricultural Policy of Egypt, Eng.Tahani Sileet ,Dr. Abd El Fattah Metawie, Dr.Wael R Soliman • - Système de cultures intercalaires et possibilités d'amélioration de l'utilisation de l'eau d'irrigation à l'échelle de la parcelle : Cas de la pomme de terre Auteurs : Rezig M., Sahli A., Ben jeddi F., Harbaoui Y.

  7. PAST STRATEGY • In the last 40 years the policy choices privileged the big hydraulic infrastructures in irrigation giving priorities to the quantitative aspect rather than the qualitative (Supply Management).

  8. PRESENT STRATEGYES • The current policy choices highlighted the importance of Operation, Maintenance and Management activities (DEMAND MANAGEMENT) • NON-TECHNICAL APPROACHES(PIM, Tariff rules,…) • TECHNICAL APPROACHES(improving WUE at the whole chain of the system, ..)

  9. TECHNICAL APPROACHES

  10. WATER LOSSES IN IRRIGATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN (%) LOSSES IN THE DISTRIBUTION and CONVEYANCE SYSTEM WATER USED BY THE CROPS LOSSES IN THE ON-FARM SYSTEM APPLICATION LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL Fonte: FAO, 1994 SOURCE: ELABORATION:

  11. 0.413! x x x = 0.75 0.90 0.72 0.85 0.610! x x x = 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.885 The Chain of Efficiency Source: T. Hsio, 2006

  12. DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY

  13. DEMANDE HYDROGRAPH High Pressure Low Pressure

  14. DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin – Q=1200 l/s

  15. DEFICIT DE PRESSION (H-Hmin)/Hmin - Q= 700 l/s

  16. H= 21 m CU = 63% DU = 67% DE90= 60% dn90= 3mm/h H = 38 m CU = 74% DU = 80% DE90= 80% dn90= 4.5mm/h

  17. SIMPLE CALCULATION: CAS 1: EG,1 = 0.95 x 0.60 = 0.57 CAS 2: EG,2 = 0.95 x 0.80 = 0.76 DE = (0.76 – 0.57)/0.57= 0.33 = + 33%

  18. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

  19. NON-TECHNICAL APPROACHES

  20. WHAT IS PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT (PIM) • Involvement of irrigation users in all aspects and at all levels of irrigation management. • Transfer of irrigation systems from public organizations (Gov’ts) to WUAs.

  21. Different priorities: Government vs. Water Users • Conflicting objectives of two main stakeholders: • Government • Water users • Government • - Reduce the burden on national • budget by shifting responsibility • for O&M to the users • - Promote efficiency and economy • in water use • Farmers • - Reliable water supply • - Low water delivery costs • - Increase Income

  22. International Donors with Governments are trying to match the two objectives: • Provide investment funds to rehabilitate infrastructure • Provide training and technical assistance to develop users’ capacities (WUAs, OMM, etc) • Assist in the transfer of systems to users’ organisations • Engage in policy dialogue and change

  23. TARIFF RULES BUDGET WATER AVAILABILITY COST OF MAINTENANCE (on the base of the previous Year Budget) OTHER COSTS (on the base of the previous Year Budget) Available water volume / Irrigable Area = 2000 m3 /ha FIXED RATE (€/ha) VARIABLE RATE (€/m3 ) 0.09 €/m3 0 - 2000 m3/ha Cost of maintenance / Irrigable Area = 15 €/ha Other Costs / Available Water Volume = Price of Water - P (€/m3 ) 0.18 €/m3 2000 - 3000 " 0.27 €/m3 > 3000 "

  24. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS • Integration of a more sustainable WDM into national policies (by clearly identifying priorities and responsibilities) and regional sectoral policy (agricultural, educational, energy) considering the local conditions (i.e.: food security for non EU countries). • Going on the way of “decoupling” agriculture support from production as an effective tool to achieve positive environmental effects. • Increase water demand management actions in Mediterranean Agriculture by taking into account: Technical aspects (New technologies and Innovation) and Governance aspects (Decentralization, Users Participation, education, training) • Need for dissemination and sharing of experiences (both in different countries and in the same country) of WDM policies in all Mediterranean countries. Ensure an interface between science and policy • Monitoring the achievements of the different policies in terms of WDM by identifying appropriate and shared/recognized indicators.

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