'Methylation analysis' presentation slideshows

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Overview of Post-translational Modification Analysis

Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent, usually enzymatic modification of proteins, and protein process during or after protein biosynthesis. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) increases the functional diversity of the proteome by the modifying proteins with functional groups, such as phosphate, acetate, amide groups, or methyl groups, and influences almost all the aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. It plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cellular differentiation, protein degradation, signaling and regulatory processes, regulation of gene expression, and protein-protein interactions. The modifications genererally include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation, methylation, acetylation, lipidation and proteolysis and influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. Therefore, characterization of PTM, including the modification categories and modified sites, is critical in the study of cell biology and disease diagnostics and prevention.

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Methylation

Protein methylation is a post-translational modification process, in which proteins are modified by an addition of methyl groups by S-adenosylmethionine dependent methyltransferases, with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the primary donor of methyl group. Methylation of proteins can occur on multiple amino acids on proteins, including arginine, lysine, histidine, etc. Methylation is mediated by methyltransferases, Methylation of lysine involves the addition of one to three methyl groups on the amino acid's ?-amine group, to form mono-, di- or tri-methyllysine. This modification often occurs in a conserved sequence motif on proteins. For example, two typical motifs are RGG box and RXR sequence. Depending on the site of residual methyl group attached to, there are two types of methylation: N-methylation and O-methylation. N-methylation is irreversible, whereas, O-methylation is potentially reversible.

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Protein Methylation Analysis

Protein methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) process, in which highly specific enzymes called methyltransferases are responsible for the addition of methyl groups to a targeted molecule and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the primary donor of methyl group. Protein methylation commonly occurs on arginine, lysine, histidine, proline, and carboxyl groups. Protein methylation plays an important role in modulating cellular and biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, metabolism and signal transduction.

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JB Kim et al. Nature 461 , 649 - 653 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature08 436

Expression levels of pluripotent markers and DNA methylation analysis in human NSC-derived iPS cells. JB Kim et al. Nature 461 , 649 - 653 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature08 436.

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