Censorship

1. Censorship

2. CENSORSHIP Censorship is suppression of speech or other communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the general body of people as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body.

3. TYPES OF CENSORSHIP Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, which is illegal and censored in many jurisdictions in the world.

4. MORAL CENSORSHIP The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, since their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to removal of critical or conflicting events.

5. MORAL CENSORSHIP Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups – and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.

6. MORAL CENSORSHIP Aside from the usual justifications of pornography, language and violence, some movies are censored due to changing racial attitudes or political correctness in order to avoid ethnic stereotyping and/or ethnic offense despite its historical or artistic value.

7. TYPES OF CENSORSHIP Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy in order to counter espionage. Militaries might also attempt to suppress politically inconvenient information even if that information has no actual intelligence or combat-tactical value.

8. MILITARY CENSORSHIP In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. Proponents of this form of censorship argues that release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict.

9. MILITARY CENSORSHIP During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent.

10. TYPES OF CENSORSHIP • Political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to exert control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion.

11. Political Censorship Nikolai Yezhov, standing to the right of Joseph Stalin, was shot in 1940. He was edited out of the photo by Soviet censors after his execution as a form of damnation memoriae. This policy was commonly applied to executed political enemies during Stalin's reign.

12. Political Censorship Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc.Throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers.Cultural products there reflected the propaganda needs of the state.Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years.

13. Political Censorship In the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they had the temerity to suggest that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated work must stop.

14. Political Censorship Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader; all reporting was directed by the Communist Party or related organizations. Pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union.

15. Political Censorship The People's Republic of China, which continues Communist rule in politics, if not in the controlled economy, employs some 30,000 'Internet police‘to monitor the internet and popular search engines such as Google and Yahoo.

16. TYPES OF CENSORSHIP Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones. Alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their faith.

17. RELIGIOUS CENSORSHIP Religious censorship is usually performed on the grounds of blasphemy, heresy, sacrilege or impiety - the censored work being viewed as obscene, challenging a dogma, or violating a religious taboo. Defending against these charges is often difficult as some religious traditions permit only the religious authorities (clergy) to interpret doctrine and the interpretation is usually dogmatic. For instance, the Catholic Church banned hundreds of books on such grounds and maintained the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (list of prohibited books), most of which were writings that the Church's Holy Office had deemed dangerous, until the Index's abolishment in 1965.

18. RELIGIOUS CENSORSHIP Similar methodology has been carried out under Islamic theocracies, such as the fatwa (religious judgment) against The Satanic Verses (a novel), ordering that the author, Salman Rushdie, be executed for blasphemy.

19. TYPES OF CENSORSHIP Corporate censorship is the process by which editors in corporate media outlets intervene to disrupt the publishing of information that portrays their business or business partners in a negative light,or intervene to prevent alternate offers from reaching public exposure.

20. CORPORATE CENSORSHIP An example would be the decision by the Walt Disney Company to prevent Miramax from releasing Fahrenheit 911 in 2004. Croteau and Hoynes observe that this was a business decision, and state that "even when such business decisions are not politically motivated, then can have substantial political consequences".

21. CORPORATE CENSORSHIP In 1993, during negotiations regarding the release of Prince's album The Gold Experience, a legal battle ensued between Warner Bros. and Prince over the artistic and financial control of Prince's output. During the lawsuit, Prince appeared in public with the word "slave" written on his cheek. Prince explained his name change as follows:

22. CORPORATE CENSORSHIP “The first step I have taken towards the ultimate goal of emancipation from the chains that bind me to Warner Bros. was to change my name from Prince to the Love Symbol. Prince is the name that my mother gave me at birth. Warner Bros. took the name, trademarked it, and used it as the main marketing tool to promote all of the music that I wrote. The company owns the name Prince and all related music marketed under Prince. I became merely a pawn used to produce more money for Warner Bros...

23. CORPORATE CENSORSHIP …I was born Prince and did not want to adopt another conventional name. The only acceptable replacement for my name, and my identity, was the Love Symbol, a symbol with no pronunciation, that is a representation of me and what my music is about. This symbol is present in my work over the years; it is a concept that has evolved from my frustration; it is who I am. It is my name.”

24. Censorship Wikipedia.com