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TRIUMPH OF A CRUSADE

TRIUMPH OF A CRUSADE. CHAPTER 29, SECTION 2. MAJOR DATES. 1961: THE FREEDOM RIDES 1962: JAMES MEREDITH ENROLLS AT OLE MISS 1963: THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON 1964: FREEDOM SUMMER CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 1965: THE SELMA CAMPAIGN VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965. KEY PLAYERS.

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TRIUMPH OF A CRUSADE

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  1. TRIUMPH OF A CRUSADE CHAPTER 29, SECTION 2

  2. MAJOR DATES • 1961: THE FREEDOM RIDES • 1962: JAMES MEREDITH ENROLLS AT OLE MISS • 1963: THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON • 1964: • FREEDOM SUMMER • CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 • 1965: • THE SELMA CAMPAIGN • VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

  3. KEY PLAYERS • JAMES MEREDITH • GOV. ROSS BARNETT • GOV. GEORGE WALLACE • “BULL” CONNOR • MEDGAR EVERS • MLK • ROBERT MOSES • FANNIE LOU HAMMER

  4. THE FREEDOM RIDES • WHEN? Spring, 1961 • WHAT? • Civil Rights “rides” from Washington, DC to New Orleans • Rides traveled through most highly segregated areas of South • WHO? C.O.R.E. organizes rides • PURPOSE? • Highlight injustice of bus segregation • Attract public & media attention to problem • Force state and / or federal gov’t. to end segregation • WHAT HAPPENS? • Rides attacked in Deep South (define) • Birmingham, AL is worst: “Bull” Connor • RESPONSE? • JFK sends federal marshals to protect riders

  5. MEREDITH and OLE MISS • University of Mississippi: “Ole Miss” • Ole Miss was segregated, like most Southern universities • Fall, 1962: • James Meredith given court permission to enroll at Ole Miss • Gov. Ross Barnett refuses to allow it (see p. 865) • Response: • JFK orders federal marshals to ensure Meredith’s enrollment • Q: What event is this similar to? • Result? • Violence, riots at Ole Miss • Federal marshals stay; ensure Meredith’s enrollment

  6. MEREDITH AT OLE MISS

  7. James Meredith Wounded, 1966

  8. BIRMINGHAM • 1963: MLK travels to Birmingham to hold civil rights meetings & stage nonviolent protests • Police Commissioner: Eugene “Bull” Connor • Connor arrests MLK & other leaders • MLK released, protests continue • Connor responds w/force: • Water cannon • Attack dogs • Clubbings, beatings, etc. • Tear gas • Event caught on film by mass media • Civil Rights given more nationwide media attention

  9. CONTEMPORARY EVENTS • 1963: JFK orders Alabama Gov. George Wallace to integrate University of Alabama • Medgar Evers, NAACP officer, murdered in Jackson, Miss. by Byron de la Beckwith • Beckwith charged, released due to insufficient evidence • 1994: Beckwith re-tried, convicted of murder

  10. GOVERNOR GEORGE WALLACE, ALABAMA “And I Say… Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, and Segregation Forever!” Gov. George Wallace

  11. THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON • When? August, 1963 • Who? • MLK leads effort • 250,000 Civil Rights supporters • Where? The Washington “Mall” • Purpose? • Pressure Congress to sign a law guaranteeing equal access to public accommodations • Hopefully gain more national support / media attention • Highlight: MLK’s “I Have A Dream” Speech • Effect: LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964

  12. “I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH Washington, D.C. - August, 1963

  13. FREEDOM SUMMER WHEN? Summer, 1964 WHO? Robert Moses and SNCC WHERE? Deep South, especially Mississippi PURPOSE? -Increase African-American voter registration in Deep South -Push Congress towards new voting rights laws -Gain media attention RESULTS? -Extreme violence from white extremists, especially KKK -Murder, bombings, intimidation, etc. all used -Did not result in new voting rights laws

  14. Freedom Summer Murder Victims

  15. THE SELMA CAMPAIGN • WHEN? January, 1965 • WHERE? Selma, ALABAMA • WHO? MLK & SCLC • PURPOSE? • Voter registration in Deep South still needed attention • WHY? FREEDOM SUMMER had failed • MLK & SCLC decide to attempt same thing in AL • Results? • Much of the same (Shooting, beatings, arrests) • SCLC organizes protest march from Selma to Montgomery, AL • Police violence attracts more media attention • Final Result? Voting Rights Act of 1965

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