PREVENTION I

1. PREVENTION I “The Preventive Philosophy”

2. PREVENTION. . . The Concept • The emergence of a new philosophy of dentistry based on prevention rather than repair and replacement has been the most significant development in the history of dentistry. • In a World Health Organization (WHO) study, it was found that countries with dental care systems that emphasized restorative care had the highest caries experience in the world, as measured by the number of decayed, missing and/or filled teeth, (DMFT). • These countries also had the highest number of completely edentulous individuals. • In countries where prevention was emphasized, the number of DMF teeth was substantially smaller.

3. PREVENTION . . .The Concept • The following data bear testimony to the futility of a mechanistic approach to gain and maintaining oral health for Americans: • 98% of 40-44 year olds have had tooth decay, with an average 45 affected tooth surfaces. • the average American has between 9-10 missing permanent teeth; • over 4% of the American population (between 10-12 million individuals) is completely edentulous; 30% of Americans over 65 have no teeth at all. • 44% of Americans have gingivitis; and • 13% of Americans have periodontal disease.

4. PREVENTION . . . The Concept • The resolution of such extensive problems of dental caries and periodontal disease by a “restorative philosophy” yields low efficiency and efficacy. It is not a cost/benefit effective way to achieve oral health. • As a consequence, the far-sighted in the profession have turned to prevention as the only feasible solution to a problem of such severity. • Oral health care systems which emphasize prevention will yield populations with good oral health; those that do not, will not.

5. PREVENTION . . . The Concept • A philosophy of prevention is basic to a good contemporary practice. • Dentistry exists to facilitate the gaining of oral health by society. • Individual dentists profess to exist to help their patients gain oral health. • The preventive concept should be the thread that is woven through the entire fabric of dental practice. • The concept of prevention can be understood to apply to all aspects of practice by understanding prevention to exist at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.

6. LEVELS OF PREVENTION • PRIMARY PREVENTION • Occurs in the clinically pre-pathologic period. • Involves promotion of oral health concepts, as well as specific protection. • Examples: oral health education, water fluoridation, plaque removal through brushing and flossing, antimicrobials, topical fluorides, pit and fissure sealants, mouth guards. • Prevent: caries, gingivitis, trauma to the teeth from occurring.

7. LEVELS OF PREVENTION • SECONDARY PREVENTION • Occurs in the early period of pathogenesis. • Involves early recognition and prompt therapy. • Examples: Radiographic examination, Root scaling, conservative restorative treatment • Prevent: further deterioration of health that would result in extensive lesions of the teeth, pulpal involvement, or periodontitis.

8. LEVEL OF PREVENTION • TERTIARY PREVENTION • Occurs later in the period of pathogenesis. • Involves limitation of disability and rehabilitation. • Examples: pulpal therapy, periodontal surgery, extractions, fixed prosthodontics, space maintainers. • Prevent: loss of teeth, disseminated infection, loss of space, occlusal disharmonies, and other significant oral disabilities.

9. CHILDREN IN “THE CONCEPT”“He who is wise begins with the child.”Goethe • As primary prevention is the ultimate goal of the dental profession, it necessarily follows that the thrust of any comprehensive oral health program be directed at the child. • Children must be the foundation of a practice that is focused on prevention.

10. UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM • To understand the problem of prevention as it relates to children, an understanding of the profile of oral disease experience of children (in America) is necessary. • Epidemiology is that branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations. • The epidemiological term for the magnitude of a disease existing in a population at a point in time is referred to as prevalence. • Prevalence must be differentiated from a related term, incidence. • Incidence is the disease occurring in a population during a specific period of time. • To say that the average 17 year old has 4.96 decayed, missing or filled teeth is to make a statement of prevalence. • To say that the average child will develop a new carious lesion between ages of 6 and 10 is to make a statement of incidence.

11. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN • Two epidemiological measures will serve as indices of prevalence of caries: • DMFT: An index that represents the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth (T). Index is total of these three assessments in the individual. • DMFS: An index that represents the number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (S), in the individual. • DMFS is the more sensitive measure of the magnitude of disease in the oral cavity.

12. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN • The average DMFT in school age children (age 5-17) is 1.97. • The average DMFS is school age children (age 5-17) is 3.07. • Over 50% of 5-9 year old children have at least one carious lesion or restoration. • At age 17, the average child has 4.96 DMFT, (1.0 due to a missing tooth); and 8.04 DMFS; 80% of adolescents have dental caries by age 17. • Obviously, the teeth are more vulnerable to decay the longer they are in the oral cavity.

13. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN • Only 20% of children have had no carious experience by age 17. • 80% of the dental carious experience occurs in 25% of the children in this country. This concentration of disease has become greater through time. In 1980, approximately 65% of the caries was found in 24% of the children. • The prevalence of caries experience among children has declined significantly since 1970. • Approximately 80% of the carious lesions occurring in school age children are on the occlusal surface.

14. PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN • The highest DMFT is found in the Northeastern United States; the lowest in the Western United States. • African-American children have a lower DMFT than Euro-American children. • However, the profile of the DMFT is different. African-Americans have a higher percentage of the index in the decayed and missing category. Euro-Americans have a higher percentage of the index in the filled category. • This difference reflects the differential in professional oral health care accessed by these two groups. • Studies have confirmed that the percentage of decayed teeth in the index declines with increasing household income.

15. RELATED INFORMATION • Dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease, 5 times more common than asthma, and 7 times more common than hay fever. • There are striking disparities in caries prevalence by income. Poor children suffer twice as much caries as non-poor, and their disease is more likely to be untreated. (One out four children in America are born into poverty--$17,000 for a family of four.) • Twenty-five percent of poor children have not seen a dentist prior to kindergarten. • 51 million school hours are lost each year to dental-related illness. • Toothaches are the most common classroom health problem. • Over one-third of American children do not have the benefit of water fluoridation; our most effective

16. EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES (NURSING CARIES) • 5-10% children have Early Childhood Caries (ECC), sometimes called nursing (or bottle) caries; the rate is even higher among families with low incomes, and among racial/ethnic minorities. • ECC is the result of poor nursing/feeding habits; associated with children being given the bottle past 12 month, and/or given the bottle with cariogenic solutions in it at night, and allowed to keep it in the mouth for a prolonged period. • ECC significantly increases a child’s risk of future caries experience.

17. RISK FACTORS FOR CARIES AMONG CHILDREN • Children born to mothers in their teens have a 5X greater chance of having carious lesions by age 5. • Living in a rural area doubles the likelihood of having caries. • Mothers who do not brush their teeth regularly, have children with double the risk for caries.

18. CARIES RISK GUIDELINES(American Dental Association 1996) LOW: • No carious lesions in last year • Coalesced or sealed pits and fissures • Relatively plaque free • Fluoride in water supply and use of fluoride dentifrice • Regular dental visits

19. CARIES PREVENTION MODALITIES FOR CHILDREN BY RISK CATEGORY(American Dental Association, 1996) LOW • Educational reinforcement: • Plaque removal (oral physiotherapy) • Fluoride dentifrice • One year recall

20. CARIES RISK GUIDELINES(American Dental Association, 1996) MODERATE • One carious lesion in the last year • Deep pits and fissures • Some plaque accumulation • No fluoride in water • White spot lesions • Irregular dental visits • Orthodontic treatment

21. CARIES PREVENTION MODALITIES FOR CHILDREN BY RISK CATEGORY(American Dental Association, 1996) MODERATE • Pit and Fissure Caries • Sealants • Smooth Surface Caries • Education • Dietary Counseling • Fluoride dentifrice (low potency fluoride) • Fluoride mouthrinse (low potency fluoride) • Professional topical fluoride (high potency fluoride) • Six month recall • Fluoride supplements (depending on age of child and absence of water fluoridation)

22. CARIES RISK GUIDELINES(American Dental Association, 1996) HIGH • Two ore more carious lesions in last year • Past smooth surface caries • Elevated mutans streptococci count • Deep pits and fissures • No or little systemic and topical fluoride exposure • Plaque accumulation • Frequent fermentable carbohydrate intake • Irregular dental visits • Inadequate salivary flow • Inappropriate nursing habits (infants)

23. CARIES PREVENTION MODALITIES FOR CHILDREN BY RISK CATEGORY(American Dental Association, 1996) HIGH • Pit and Fissure Caries • Sealants • Smooth Surface Caries • Education • Dietary counseling • Fluoride dentifrice • Fluoride mouthrinse • Professional topical fluoride (3-6 months) • Three to six month recall • Monitoring of mutans Streptococci • Antimicrobial agents (Chlorohexidene) • Fluoride supplements ( depending on age of child and presence of water fluoridation

24. PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN • Approximately 60% of school age children will have at least one site of gingival bleeding on probing. • 8% of children will have bleeding at multiple probing sites. • Less than 1% of children, 5-17, will have a loss of periodontal attachment. • One-third of teen-age children will have some supragingival calculus. • Ninety-eight percent (98%) of school age children, ages 5-17, have normal periodontal tissues.

25. PREVALANCE OF MALOCCLUSION IN CHILDREN • Reliable epidemiological indices to assess malocclusions do not exist. • Data from one study indicate that approximately 40% of children have occlusions close enough to ideal to be considered normal; 60% do not. • However, one study found that 75% of school age children, age 6-11, were judged to have some degree of occlusal disharmony; 37% were judged to have a handicapping malocclusion. • Another study found that only 14% of the age group present a handicapping malocclusion; while an additional 38% could benefit from treatment; meaning 50+% of children could benefit.

26. PREVALANCE OF MALOCCLUSION IN CHILDREN

27. PREVALANCE OF MALOCCLUSION IN CHILDREN • Rarely are malocclusions seen in the primary dentition, though pre-dispositions to such can be identified. • Rather, malocclusions tend to emerge with the eruption of the permanent dentition and the growth spurts that occur during the school-age years. • The most common malocclusion identified in the primary dentition is the posterior crossbite. One study found it to exist in approximately 8% of primary dentitions.

28. OTHER PREVENTIVE ISSUES OF ORAL HEALTH • Cleft lip/palate, one of the most common birth defects, effects 1 in 600 life births in Euro-Americans and 1 in 1,850 live births in African-Americans. • Trauma to the cranio-facial complex are relatively common in children--studies are highly variable, 4-24%. • Tobacco-related oral lesions are prevalent among adolescents who use smokeless (spit) tobacco.

29. PREVENTIVE FOCUS IN THIS UNIT • In this unit we will focus primarily and specifically on the preventive issues associated with caries and periodontal disease. • Prevention associated with malocclusions, trauma, and oral cancer will be addressed when these issues are addressed. • Our approach to prevention of caries and periodontal disease diseases will be multi-dimension and comprehensive.

30. IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT OF PREVENTION • Prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease is possible by directing our efforts to the four variables that are involved: the teeth, the bacteria, the substrate, and the understanding and motivation of the child and parent. • It is imperative that the problem of prevention be approached by addressing all the variables of the disease process not just one or some. • The focusing on only one aspect of a multifaceted problem leads to a distorted understanding of the problem, and an inadequate result.

31. “THE BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT”BY GEOFFREY SAXE It was Six men of Indostan To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind), That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The First approached the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "Bless me! but the Elephant Is very like a wall!"

32. The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, "Ho! What have we here, So very round and smooth and sharp? To me tis mighty clear, This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spearl" The Third approached the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands; Thus boldly up and spake: "I see", quoth he, "the Elephant Is very like a snake!” The Fourth reached out his eager hand, And felt about the knee, "What most this wondrous beast is like Is might plain", quoth he: "'Tis clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!"

33. The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear Said, "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!" The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Than, seizing on the swinging tail That feel within his scope, "I see," quoth he, "the Elephant Is very like a rope!" And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong!

34. PREVENTIVE MEASURES DIRECTED TO THE TEETH • Water Fluoridation • High Potency Topical Fluorides • Fluoride Dentifrices • Fissure Sealants

35. PREVENTIVE MEASURES DIRECTED TO THE MICROFLORA • Plaque Removal • Antimicrobials

36. PREVENTIVE MEASURES DIRECTED TO THE SUBSTRATE • Dietary Analysis and Counseling

37. PREVENTIVE MEASURES DIRECTED TO THE EDUCATING CHILDREN AND PATIENTS • Educational Techniques • Educational Resources • Audio-Visual Materials • Patient Educational Brochures