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Module: El Niño event and the Ocean Surface Permittivity

Module: El Niño event and the Ocean Surface Permittivity. Dr. Sandra L. Cruz-Pol INEL 4152 Electrical and Computer Dept. Univ. of Puerto Rico. Remote Sensing of land/sea. Passive Remote Sensing. Radiometer measures natural radiation from atmosphere & ocean below. Applications:

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Module: El Niño event and the Ocean Surface Permittivity

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  1. Module: El Niño event and the Ocean Surface Permittivity Dr. Sandra L. Cruz-Pol INEL 4152 Electrical and Computer Dept. Univ. of Puerto Rico

  2. Remote Sensing of land/sea

  3. Passive Remote Sensing Radiometer measures natural radiation from atmosphere & ocean below. • Applications: • Wind speed retrieval • Wave height monitoring • Sea Temperature (El Niño) • Global change

  4. Emissions and Reflections from the Ocean • Ocean Emissivity • Ocean Reflectivity • where e is the ocean permittivity

  5. Permittivity of Sea Water, e The permittivity of sea water is a function of • frequency • temperature • salinity CI CR

  6. Case Study : El Niño

  7. El Niño: first noticed by Peruvian fishermen who gave the name since the warm air arrived near Christmas summer (El Niño Dios visitando)

  8. Monitoring El Niño ATLAS buoys are deployed and used to record sea surface temperature and wind speed along the Pacific Ocean and send information through satellite.

  9. Twin El Niño -Indian Ocean Nearly all the elephants in Botswana’s Chobe National Park died during a drought brought on by the 1982-83 El Niño.

  10. Bleached Coral Reefs Corals are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment. When they die, their color disappears. El Niño events correlate with Pacific and Caribbean-wide coral bleaching.

  11. Severe Drought SE Asia, Australia, Caribbean and CA El Niño takes away the rain normally present during Australia’s summer which put down natural and manmade fires.

  12. Disease Connection: cholera, typhoid, malaria, encephalitis, dengue Unbalance in ecosystems brings conditions that increase amounts of mosquitoes and mice. Flooding in Brazilian rain forest. Dessert bloom and provide food to hantavirus-carrying mice.

  13. Hurricanes • The number of hurricanes in the Caribbean is noticeably reduced because of the increased wind shear in different height layers of atmosphere which doesn’t allow the formation of many storms. • During La Niña, the number of hurricanes increases, the jet stream goes North, affecting U.S. more than the Caribbean.

  14. La Niña

  15. Endangered species Marine iguanas in the Galapagos usually eat red algae. Red algae died due to high water temperatures. More than half of the iguanas died during the 1982-83 El Niño. Magellanic penguins, which live in the coastal waters of Peru and Chile, went hungry when the fish disappeared.

  16. The Galapagos island sea lion went hungry. Mother spend too much time on sea looking for food, and pups didn’t get enough milk. Males don’t eat for several weeks during mating season. When back at sea, many didn’t find food to make it. Sea birds which depend on fish are directly affected by this changes. The California least tern is an endangered species. In 1988 they began to recover from 1982 Niño. Alaskan Red Fox lives on sea birds that are not abundant during El Niño.

  17. Benefits of El Niño Prediction • Prepared for heavy rain followed by drought • Now countries are measurements of precaution when an event is forecast. • Water supplies • 85% chance of La Niña following year. • produced exceptionally mild winter in NE of US. saving $$$

  18. Flooding in SW of US Bulldozers were used to build dikes of sand on Santa Monica beach in California to protect buildings from unusually large waves expected from 1997-98 El Niño storms.

  19. Farming: cotton vs. rice Benefits from El Niño forecast in Peru include the decision on whether to plant rice or cotton. Rice plants need moist to grow. (El Niño) Cotton plants need warm dry climate. (La Niña)

  20. Summary of Effects • Flooding in SW of US • Severe Drought SE Asia, Australia • Poor fishery E of America • Bleached Coral Reefs • Disease Connection: cholera, typhoid, malaria, encephalitis • Farming: cotton vs. rice

  21. Bad Niño • Lives lost, 189 including tornadoes, ice storm, snow and rainstorms, drowned. • Property losses in storms, $2.8 billion. • Federal government relief, $400 million. • State assistance, $125 million. • Agricultural losses, $600 million to $700 million. • Lost sales in snow removal equipment, $60 million to $80 million. • Tourist industry losses, $180 million to $200 million.

  22. Good Niño • Lives saved 848, including those who survived extreme cold, snow and ice storms, did not die in winter-related auto accidents and who were not killed by hurricanes, compared to recent “normal” years. • Reduced heating costs, $6.7 billion. • Increased sales of merchandise for homes and other goods, $5.6 billion as warm weather sent people to the stores to post a January-March retail sales record. • Reduced costs of removal of ice and snow from streets, $350 million to $400 million. • Reductions in normal losses to flooding caused by melting snow and Atlantic hurricanes, $6.9 billion. • Income from increased construction and related employment, $450 million to $500 million. • Reduced operating costs to airlines and trucking industry, $160 million to$170 million.

  23. References • NOAA (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino) • El Niño by Caroline Arnold • A new 2002 El Niño is underway! http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/vis/tao-vis.html • American Meteorological Society • The Associated Press

  24. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/vis/tao-vis.html

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