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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Alcohol. Alcohol. Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is a CNS depressant Alcohol is the second most widely used and abused of all psychoactive drugs Q. What drug is the most widely used and abused drug? A. Caffeine. Why Do Many People View Alcohol As A Non-drug?.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Alcohol

  2. Alcohol • Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that is a CNS depressant • Alcohol is the second most widely used and abused of all psychoactive drugs • Q. What drug is the most widely used and abused drug? • A. Caffeine

  3. Why Do Many People View Alcohol As A Non-drug? • Alcohol is legal • Advertising & media promote drinking as normal • Large distribution and sales of alcohol • Long history of alcohol use

  4. Alcohol Use And “The Alcohol Problem” • The Temperance Movement (1830-1850) • Benjamin Rush • Temperance societies • Prohibition Era (1920-1933) • State by state • Federal • Repealed • Still around today • Regulation after 1933 • Taxation

  5. Who Drinks and Why? • Cultural influences on drinking • Trends in U.S. alcohol consumption • Regional Differences • Gender Differences • College and University Students and Alcohol Use: • Binge Drinking • Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use 

  6. Figure 9.1 Per capita ethanol consumption by beverage type for the US, 1977-2000

  7. Figure 9.2 Total estimated US per capita ethanol consumption in gallons per year by state, 2000 based on sales.

  8. Figure 9.3 The relationship between blood alcohol concentration and alcohol intake.

  9. Physical Effects of Alcohol • BAC produced depends on the: • Presence of food in the stomach • Rate of alcohol consumption • Concentration of alcohol • Drinker’s body composition • Alcohol beverages have almost no vitamins, minerals, protein, or fat -- just large amount of carbohydrates

  10. Short-term Effects of Alcohol • Low to moderate doses • Disinhibition • Social setting and mental state • Euphoric, friendly, talkative • Aggressive and hostile • Interfere with motor activity, reflexes and coordination

  11. Short-term Effects of Alcohol • Moderate quantities • Slightly increases in heart rate • Slightly dilates blood vessels in arms, legs,skin • Moderately lowers blood pressure • Stimulate appetite • Increases production of gastric secretions • Increases urine output

  12. Acute Effects of Alcohol • At higher doses • Difficulty in walking, talking, and thinking • Induces drowsiness and causes sleep • In large amounts -- severe depression of the brain systems and motor control area of the brain • Lack of coordination, confusion, & disorientation • Stupor, anesthesia, coma, and even death • Lethal level of alcohol is between 0.4 and 0.6% by volume in the blood

  13. Chronic Effects of Alcohol • Light or moderate drinking does little permanent harm (exception - FAS) • Heavy drinking • Seriously damages the heart • Kidney and liver damage • Mental disorders, irreversible damage to the brain and peripheral nervous system • Lowered resistance to pneumonia and other infectious diseases • Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract

  14. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • A collection of physical and behavioral abnormalities caused by the presence of alcohol during fetal development

  15. Alcohol Dependence • Withdrawal • Detoxification • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Dependent behaviors • Alcoholics Anonymous • 12 steps

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