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COMMUNITY CONFLICT: RACIAL/ ETHNIC CONFLICT

COMMUNITY CONFLICT: RACIAL/ ETHNIC CONFLICT. INTRODUCTION. Controversies within communities are as old as civilization itself (Coleman. 1957) Di Malaysia: Peristiwa 13 Mei 1963 Di US: Kekacauan pada akhir 1960 sehingga awal 1980 Sering berlaku di kawasan luar bandar (Black, 1974).

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COMMUNITY CONFLICT: RACIAL/ ETHNIC CONFLICT

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  1. COMMUNITY CONFLICT:RACIAL/ ETHNIC CONFLICT

  2. INTRODUCTION • Controversies within communities are as old as civilization itself (Coleman. 1957) • Di Malaysia: Peristiwa 13 Mei 1963 • Di US: Kekacauanpadaakhir 1960 sehinggaawal 1980 • Seringberlakudikawasanluarbandar (Black, 1974)

  3. Coser (1956): • A struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure or eliminate their rivals. Such conflict may take place between individuals, between collectivities or between individuals and collectivities.

  4. The range of community conflicts is so broad so will we focus on: • Conflict generated by racial/ ethnic hatred • Conflict between local law enforcement and minority group • Ethnic identity

  5. CRITERIA FOR CONFLICT TO EMERGE IN COMMUNITY • The issue must relate to important facets of community members’ lives • The issue must have a differential impact on different members of the community • Community members must feel they have sufficient agency to change a condition caused by the issue

  6. EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT CONTROL COMMUNITY CONFLICT • Level 1 : top leadership in conflict setting. Comprise the highest level of political, military and religious leaders. Often the agreements are short-term and symbolic • Level 2 : occupied by mid-range leadership that tends to be highly respected members of civil society such as academics, NGO leaders, and religious. Play key broker roles between top leaders and the grassroots. • Level 3 : grassroots leaderships – indigenous NGO leaders, political leaders, religious figures and even gang leaders Lederach’s level of leadership model (1997)

  7. ORGANIZING MODEL FOR COMMUNITY CONFLICT • Origins (sources) : deep-rooted causal factors, usually needs-driven • Processes: combination of unassisted forms of negotiations engaged by parties and, when the opportunity presents itself, so called third parties who are intervening between conflicting stakeholders to manage, mitigate, or help resolve the conflict • Outcomes : relational satisfaction, procedural satisfaction, substantive satisfaction (CDR Associates, 2004) Gwartney-Gibbs and Lach’s model (1991)

  8. LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MINORITIES • Hostile interactions between racial/ ethnic minorities and law enforcement officers • Police use of excessive force, resulting in injury and death to a minority member, that led to violent reactions by a significant mass of the effected minority community • Factors: needs of deprivation, producing feelings of insecurity, lack of recognition, and political disenfranchisement. (Incident: Miami, Dade County, Florida, 1980s: Los Angeles riot, 1992 as a reaction o the beating of Rodney King; riot in Cincinnati, Ohio, 2000s)

  9. RACIAL/ETHNIC HATRED CONFLICTS • In U.S. • Whites toward African Americans, Hispanic and Asian groups as well • Southeast Asians – Texas Gulf Coast – shrimp fishing – KKK • Southeastern region – black church was burned – mid 1990s • New York and Boston – hate incidents- minorities trespassed boundaries of traditional White ethnic • WTC attacked – Sept. 11, 2001 – hate towards Arab immigrant groups

  10. RACIAL/ETHNIC HATRED CONFLICTS • In Great Britain • Riot in the Brixton, London – 1980, 1981, Tottenham, London – 1983 caused by excessive force police practices – white skinhead against Asian and African immigrants • Factor: unemployment, substandard housing and other poverty factors aggravated by political culture’s rhetoric of “we are all British”

  11. RACIAL/ETHNIC HATRED CONFLICTS • Eastern Europe • Slovakia and Hungary – Roma (gypsies) population has been the target of attacks – skinheads and victimized by police use of excessive force

  12. ETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT • Competing ethnies attempting to shape or reshape a national landscape (Smith, 1993) • Smith (1993) identifies five traits such groups must share in common: • The group must have a name • Members must belief a common descent • The group typically shares common historical memories that they get told and retold throughout the generations • Members share a specific territory

  13. ETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT • In U. S. • Between White ethnics groups and Irish, Italian, Polish and Jewish (Erie, 1988) • Also with Asians, Hispanics from Mexico and Central America, Middle Easterners and groups of Afro-Caribbean • Between American Blacks and Hassidic Jews in the Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York.

  14. ETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT • In South Africa • Conflict created by the apartheid system of governance- began in 1950 with the Population Registration Act (Arnold, 1994)

  15. ETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT • Northern Ireland • Belfast (Fitzduff, 2002) – between Protestant Loyalists who favor maintaining the current political relationship with Britain – backup by Ulster Defense Force (UDF) and Catholic Nationalists who want the North to become a part of the Irish Republic – backup by Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)

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