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Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth

Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth. Chapter 4- Prenatal Development. Time of fastest development in life span Environment extremely important Conception Ova travels from ovary to uterus Penetration by 1 of 300-500 sperm Outcome: single-celled ZYGOTE. Prenatal Stages.

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Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth

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  1. Chapter 4Prenatal Development and Birth

  2. Chapter 4- Prenatal Development • Time of fastest development in life span • Environment extremely important • Conception • Ova travels from ovary to uterus • Penetration by 1 of 300-500 sperm • Outcome: single-celled ZYGOTE

  3. Prenatal Stages • Germinal period: days 1-14 • Implantation: 1/2 are successful • Miscarriage: 15% (recognized) to 50% • Embryonic period: 3rd to 8th week • Organogenesis, Sexual differentiation • Fetal period: 9th week – birth • Proliferation, migration • Differentiation of stem cells • Ends in tremendous brain development

  4. Prenatal Environment • Reciprocal influence • Person and environment • Good and bad influences important • Teratogen: environmental agent • Harms the developing fetus • Critical Period: Organogenesis • Dosage & duration • Genetic make-up: susceptibility

  5. Figure 4.3

  6. Teratogens-Drugs • Thalidomide (for morning sickness) • All or parts of limbs missing • Tobacco: miscarriage, low birth weight, SIDS, slows fetal growth • Alcohol: FAS • Small, facial deformities, retardation • Cocaine: Processing difficulties

  7. Figure 4.6

  8. Teratogens - Diseases • Rubella (German Measles) • Blind, deaf, heart, brain • Syphilis:miscarriage, blind, deaf, heart, brain • After 18th week • AIDS mothers transmit to babies (15%-35%) • Prenatally, perinatally, postnatally

  9. Teratogens – Environmental Hazards • Radiation: MR, leukemia, cancer, mutations, spontaneous abortions, etc. • Avoid X-rays when pregnant • Pollutants • In air and water • Lead - MR (also postnatally)

  10. The Mother’s State • Age: typically age16 – 35 • 15 or younger don’t seek prenatal care • Birth complications, low birth weight • Over 35: miscarriage, Down Syndrome (father’s age also) • Emotion: stress – can stunt fetal growth • Positive outlook most helpful • Nutrition: 25-35 lb weight gain • Malnutrition: smaller neurons, brain, child

  11. Figure 4.8

  12. The Perinatal Environment • Birth Process: 3 step process • Possible Hazards • Anoxia – Oxygen shortage: can be severe • Complicated delivery • Cesarean (“C”) section • Medications: can reach baby

  13. The Mother’s Experience • Severe pain, anxiety • 77% rate it as positive experience • Psychological factors • Attitude, knowledge, support • Cultural factors

  14. Postnatal Depression • Baby Blues, mild, common • Clinical depression: 1/10 • Previous depression common • Children of depressed mothers • Insecurely attached, less responsive • Negative to other children

  15. The Neonatal Environment • Culture, early socialization, health status • E.g., low birth-weight babies (8% in US) • Less than 5 1/2 lbs • Strongly linked to low SES • Environment: neonatal intensive care • Risk: blindness, deafness, CP, autism, cognitive, and later academic problems • Parenting must be attentive, responsive

  16. Risk and Resilience • Not all high-risk infants have problems • Werner: Kauai Longitudinal study (40 yrs) • Findings: • Effects decrease over time • Outcomes depend on postnatal environment • Protective factors • Personal factors • Supportive postnatal environment

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