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Pleuronectiformes!

Pleuronectiformes!. By: Steve Mussmann and Christine Knight. Where it’s at…. Monophyletic group 11 families. Pleuronectiformes. Bilaterally symmetrical as larvae Eye migrates and asymmetrical as adult Adults lack swim bladder Mostly marine… only a few freshwater species

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Pleuronectiformes!

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  1. Pleuronectiformes! By: Steve Mussmann and Christine Knight

  2. Where it’s at… • Monophyletic group • 11 families

  3. Pleuronectiformes • Bilaterally symmetrical as larvae • Eye migrates and asymmetrical as adult • Adults lack swim bladder • Mostly marine… only a few freshwater species • Compressed body • Benthic fishes • Eat benthic invertebrates and fish

  4. All the families… • 11 families Achiridae- American Soles Achiropsettidae- Southern Flounders Bothidae- Lefteye Flounders Citharidae- Citharids Cynoglossidae- Tonguefishes Paralichthyidae- Large Tooth Flounders Pleuronectidae- Righteye Flounders Psettodidae- Psettodids Samaridae- Crested Flounders Scophthalmidae- Turbots Soleidae- Soles

  5. Achiridae- American Soles • 33 species • Eyed-side lower lip has fleshy rim • Occur in fresh, brackish, and marine habitats

  6. Achiropsettidae- Southern Flounders • 6 species • Only marine habitats • Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic waters • Eyes on left side • Pectoral fins tiny or absent

  7. Bothidae- Lefteye Flounders • 162 species • Only marine • Temperate and tropical---Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans • Eyes on left • No spines in fins • Anus on blind side

  8. Citharidae- Citharids • 7 species • Only marine • Mediterranean, Indian, and Japan to Australia • Eyes either side • Short pelvic fins • Anus on eyed side

  9. Cynoglossidae- Tonguefishes • 140 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Tropical and sub-tropical • Eyes small and on left side • Asymmetrical mouth • No pectoral fins • Commercially important

  10. Paralichthyidae- Large-tooth Flounders • 116 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans • Eyes on left side • No spines in pelvic and pectoral fins

  11. Pleuronectidae- Righteye Flounders • 102 species • Fresh, brackish and marine habitats---mostly marine • Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans • Eyes on right side • Camouflage • Fins have no spines • Commercially important http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty9f5_pxMas

  12. Psettodidae- Psettodids • 3 species • Marine only • Most primitive • Few vertebrae • Swim upright • Eyes on either side

  13. Samaridae- Crested Flounders • 21 species • Marine only • Indo-pacific---tropical and sub-tropical waters • Deep waters • Postcleithrum absent

  14. Scophthalmidae- Turbots • 9 species • Brackish and marine waters • North Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black seas • Eyes on left side • Large mouth---prominent jaw

  15. Soleidae- Soles • 163 species • Fresh, brackish, and marine habitats • Europe to Australia and Japan • Eyes on right side • No fin spines • Commercially important

  16. Evolution of Asymmetry • Born with eyes on both sides of head • Gradually migrates so eyes on same side of head • Adults are asymmetrical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bldN-lbyqsE

  17. Matt Friedman 2008 • Evolution of asymmetry gradual or in one large jump? • Discovered transitional fossil that has asymmetrical skull eyes on both sides of the head!

  18. Find the Flounder?! • Chromatophore • Pigment containing • Light reflecting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAZSg2tqe7k

  19. Experiment! • Winter Flounder

  20. Conservation… • IUCN lists Atlantic Halibut as endangered and the Yellowtail Flounder as vulnerable • Overfishing • Late age of sexual maturity • Looking for alternative species to fish

  21. Review Questions! • Name three traits shared by the Pleuronectiformes. • What is unique about the Southern Flounders? • In what family is camouflage most common? • What are the advantages of camouflage for Pleuronectiformes? • Make an argument for the gradual evolution of asymmetry in Pleuronectiformes. • Describe the development of a flatfish. • What are some reasons for the endangered status of the Atlantic Halibut?

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