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1. Figure 7.2 (a) How the science and the research conclusions need to pass through different groups to influence policy decisions. However it is important that scientists recognise that this message may not be fully understood by these groups and it can be manipulated because of a lack of understanding. The implication is to make the message as clear and simple as possible. Manipulation of the message can also occur if the message isn’t accepted because it is contrary to common perceptions or firmly held beliefs, and is therefore difficult to accept. (b) Demonstrates how different messages that have emanated from scientists based on scientific evidence have been manipulated and the policy decisions are not supported by the scientific evidence. For example, the case of the reclassification of cannabis from Class C back to Class B was contrary to the recommendations of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). The policy decision was in response to a strong media campaign and a political agenda that was in opposition to the evidence. The decision to prescribe Herceptin to women with early stage breast cancer was taken before a thorough review of the efficacy, cost assessment and safety of the drug had been undertaken. The decision taken to prescribe the drug was in response to a strong media campaign and pressure from patient groups. Finally, themoratorium on GM crops within the UK was contrary to the scientific consensus but it was a reaction to the media campaign and the public outcry.

2. Figure 7.3 Original advert placed in The Timesby the ‘Save British Science’ Campaign.Reproduced by permission of The Campaign for Science and Engineering.