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MENDELIAN GENETICS

MENDELIAN GENETICS . THE NECESSARY VOCABULARY & OTHER FACTS. MENDEL. GREGOR MENDEL – THE FATHER OF GENETICS AUSTRIAN MONK RESEARCHED HOW TRAITS ARE PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION BY CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS WITH PEA PLANTS. GENETICS . THE STUDY OF HEREDITY.

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MENDELIAN GENETICS

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  1. MENDELIAN GENETICS THE NECESSARY VOCABULARY & OTHER FACTS

  2. MENDEL • GREGOR MENDEL – THE FATHER OF GENETICS • AUSTRIAN MONK • RESEARCHED HOW TRAITS ARE PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION BY CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS WITH PEA PLANTS

  3. GENETICS • THE STUDY OF HEREDITY

  4. Figure 11-3 Mendel’s Seven F1 Crosses on Pea Plants Section 11-1 Seed Shape Seed Color Seed Coat Color Pod Shape Pod Color Flower Position Plant Height Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall Wrinkled Green White Constricted Yellow Terminal Short Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall Go to Section:

  5. TRUE-BREEDING • PLANTS, THAT IF ALLOWED TO SELF-POLLINATE, WILL PRODUCE OFFSPRING IDENTICAL TO THEMSELVES. • THE BASIS OF MENDELIAN GENETICS WERE THE TRUE-BREEDING PLANTS

  6. TRAIT • A SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC • EXAMPLE: • SEED COLOR • PLANT HEIGHT

  7. PARENT GENERATION (P GENERATION) • THE ORIGINAL PAIR OF ORGANISMS CROSSED;

  8. F 1 GENERATION • (FIRST FILIAL) THE FIRST GENERATION THAT IS PRODUCED BY THE PARENT GENERATION

  9. F 2 GENERATION • THE SECOND GENERATION • PRODUCED BY CROSSES BETWEEN THE F 1 GENERATION

  10. Principles of Dominance Section 11-1 P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation Tall Short Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Short Go to Section:

  11. GENES • THE CHEMICAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE TRAITS • A REGION OF DNA THAT CONTROLS A HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTIC. • A GENE CARRIES BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN A FORM THAT MUST BE COPIED AND TRANSMITTED FROM EACH CELL TO ALL OF THE NEW DAUGHTER CELLS. • (MENDEL DID NOT KNOW WHAT GENES WERE – HE REFERRED TO THEM AS FACTORS)

  12. ALLELES • THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF A GENE • EXAMPLE: THE GENE FOR HEIGHT HAS TWO ALLELES • TALL ALLELE • SHORT ALLELE

  13. RECESSIVE TRAIT • AN ORGANISM WITH A RECESSIVE ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR FORM OF A TRAIT WILL HAVE THAT FORM ONLY WHEN THE DOMINANT ALLELE FOR THE TRAIT IS NOT PRESENT. • REPRESENTED BY LOWER-CASE LETTERS • EX. tt = short

  14. DOMINANT TRAIT • AN ORGANISM WITH A DOMINANT ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT WILL ALWAYS EXPRESS THAT TRAIT. • ALWAYS REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS • EX. TT = TALL

  15. PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE • SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ALLELES ARE RECESSIVE

  16. SEGREGATION • FOR ANY PARTICULAR TRAIT, THE PAIR OF ALLELES OF EACH PARENT SEPARATE AND ONLY ONE ALLELE PASSES FROM EACH PARENT ON TO AN OFFSPRING

  17. PUNNETT SQUARES • A DIAGRAM THAT DETERMINES THE GENE COMBINATIONS THAT CAN RESULT FROM A GENETIC CROSS.

  18. Tt X Tt Cross Section 11-2 Go to Section:

  19. HOMOZYGOUS • ORGANISMS THAT HAVE TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT. • HOMOZOYGOUS ORGANISMS ARE TRUE-BREEDING FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT. • EX. TT OR tt

  20. HETEROZYGOUS • ORGANISMS THAT HAVE TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT • HETEROZYGOUS ORGANISMS ARE HYBRID FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT. • EX. Tt

  21. PHENOTYPE • THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANISM THAT ARE EXPRESSED. • EXAMPLE: • HEIGHT • HAIR COLOR • EYE COLOR • SEED SHAPE • SEED COLOR

  22. PHENOTYPIC RATIO • THE RATIO OF THE POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES PRODUCED FROM A CROSS; • EX: TWO TALL : TWO SHORT

  23. GENOTYPE • THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM • ALL OF THE GENES THAT ARE PRESENT IN AN ORGANISM • EXAMPLE: • TT; Tt; Rryy; RRYy;

  24. GENOTYPIC RATIO • THE RATIO OF THE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES FROM EACH CROSS; • EX: 2 TT: 1Tt: 1tt

  25. PROBABILITY • THE LIKELIHOOD THAT A PARTICULAR EVENT WILL OCCUR • PROBABILITIES PREDICT THE AVERAGE OUTCOME OF A LARGE NUMBER OF EVENTS. • PROBABILITY CANNOT PREDICT THE PRECISE OUTCOME OF AN INDIVIDUAL EVENT. • THE PRINCIPLE OF PROBABILITY CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF GENETIC CROSSES.

  26. MONOHYBRID CROSSES • EACH TRAIT HAS ONE PAIR OF TWO CONTRASTING CHARACTERISTICS • EXAMPLE: • TALL AND SHORT (Tt) • GREEN AND YELLOW (Yy) • Tt x tt

  27. DIHYBRID CROSSES • TWO-FACTOR CROSS • EACH TRAIT HAS TWO PAIR OF TWO CONTRASTING TRAITS • EXAMPLE: • ROUND YELLOW PEAS (RRYY) • WRINKLED GREEN PEAS (rryy) • RRYY x rryy

  28. Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11-3 Go to Section:

  29. THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT • EACH PAIR OF ALLELES SEGREGATES INTO GAMETES INDEPENDENTLY OF THE PAIR OF ALLELES FOR ANY OTHER GENE

  30. MENDELIAN THEORY OF SEGREGATION • States that diploid organisms inherit two genes per trait, and each gene segregates from the other during meiosis such that each gamete will receive only one gene per trait.

  31. Alleles are separated during gamete formation “Factors” determine traits Some alleles are dominant, and some alleles are recessive Pea plants Law of Dominance Law of Segregation Concept Map Section 11-3 Gregor Mendel concluded that experimented with which is called the which is called the Go to Section:

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