> fun for you

1. The evolution of beverages and chocolate > good for you > better for you > fun for you

2. Sugar is • the fuel for the brain and the nerves • the basis for cognitive performance

3. Sugar protectscellsfrom • Apoptosis • Radicals (reactiveoxygenspecies / ROS)

4. Sugar protects healthy cells, but also cancer cells from apoptosis and radicals!

5. Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells: a protective strategy against reactive oxygen species Brand and Hermfisse, 1997; The FASEB Journal Sugar metabolism protects from radicals!

6. Sugar metabolism inhibits aging cancer cells, but also slows down aging of humans ! Absence of TKTL1 sugar metabolism shortens life span of humans!

7. Inhibition of apoptosis in nerve cells by sugar metabolism Inhibition of radical / ROS production Sugar protects nerve cells from apoptosis even when the amyloid beta plaques are already present Sugar metabolism protect nerve cells from Alzheimer‘s disease !

8. The newly discovered sugar metabolism not yet present in text books explains the protective role of sugar s

9. Janus-faced character of sugar • Role in healthy cells: • prevents and • neutralizes • radicals • fast glucose degradation • protection from glucose- associated cell- damages / advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in endothelial cells • nerves • retina • Role in cancer cells: • energy realease without oxygen • degradation of surrounding matrix • invasion and metastasis • resistence towards radio and chemotherapy

10. Sugar is the fuel for the evolution of the human brain > from Neandertals to Homo sapiens

11. Science Mai 2010

13. prediabetes and pre-cancer Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Jul;58(7):2061-7. doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2591-3. Epub 2013 Feb 20. Prediabetes is associated with a high-risk colorectal adenoma. Cha JM, Lee JI, Joo KR, Shin HP, Jeun JW, Lim JU.

14. prediabetes / diabetes and cancer Diabetologia. 2010 Sep;53(9):1867-76. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1796-7. Diabetes, prediabetes and cancer mortality Zhou XH, Qiao Q, Zethelius B, Pyörälä K, Söderberg S, Pajak A, Stehouwer CD, Heine RJ, Jousilahti P, Ruotolo G, Nilsson PM, Calori G, Tuomilehto J; DECODE Study Group. Diabetes and prediabetes were associated with an increased risk of cancer death. Mortality from cancers rose linearly with increasing glucose concentrations.

15. glycemic load and colon cancer s

16. glycemic index and breast cancer s

17. blood glucose level and dementia / Alzheimer N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 8;369(6):540-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215740. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, Li G, Nathan DM, Zheng H, Haneuse S, Craft S, Montine TJ, Kahn SE, McCormick W, McCurry SM, Bowen JD, Larson EB. Source Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. pcrane@uw.edu higher glucose levels are a risk factor for dementia, even among persons without diabetes.

20. healthy sugars and fat burning Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;93(2):374-81. Galactose promotes fat mobilization in obese lactating and nonlactating women Mohammad MA, Sunehag AL, Rodriguez LA, Haymond MW. Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA.

21. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Feb;77:68-80. Long-term oral galactose treatment prevents cognitive deficits in male Wistar rats treated intracerebroventricularly with streptozotocin. Salkovic-Petrisic M1, Osmanovic-Barilar J2, Knezovic A2, Hoyer S3, Mosetter K4, Reutter W5. Abstract Basic and clinical research has demonstrated that dementia of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) type is associated with dysfunction of the insulin-receptor (IR) system followed by decreased glucose transport via glucose transporter GLUT4 and decreased glucose metabolism in brain cells. An alternative source of energy is d-galactose (the C-4-epimer of d-glucose) which is transported into the brain by insulin-independent GLUT3 transporter where it might be metabolized to glucose via the Leloir pathway. … Beneficial effect of oral galactose was independent of the rat age and of the galactose dose ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg/day. … Oral galactose exposure might have beneficial effects on learning and memory ability and could be worth investigating for improvement of cognitive deficits associated with glucose hypometabolism in AD.

22. healthy sugars and tooth protection Z Stomatol. 1989 Jun;86(4):179-89. Anticaries effectiveness of D(+)-galactose Lembke A, Pause B. 1.5% galactose prevents caries significantly and strongly reduces the amount of film The effect is based on the property of galactose to occupy the receptors of the pellicle (layer of glycoprotein on the tooth enamel)

23. healthy sugars and tooth protection Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002 Aug;24(4):225-34. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00141.x. Removal and prevention of dental plaque with d-tagatose. Lu Y, Levin GV. Source Spherix Incorporated (formerly Biospherics Inc.), 12051 Indian Creek Court, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. Thus, d-tagatose has the potential for preventing and removing plaque development and for altering the subgingival microbiota. These effective qualities offer conservative control of gingival and periodontal disease.

24. Nutr Res. 2010 Dec;30(12):801-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.007. Dietary supplementation with d-tagatose in subjects with type 2 diabetes leads to weight loss and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Donner TW1, Magder LS, Zarbalian K. Abstract Oral d-tagatose (d-tag) attenuates the rise in plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and reduces food intake in healthy human subjects. A reduction in food consumption and less weight gain occur in rats fed tagatose. This pilot study explored the metabolic effects of d-tag given daily to 8 human subjects with type 2 DM for 1 year. We hypothesized that this treatment period would lead to weight loss and improvements in glycated hemoglobin and the lipid profile. A 2-month run-in period was followed by a 12-month treatment period when 15 g of oral d-tag was taken 3 times daily with food. No serious adverse effects were seen during the 12-month treatment period. Ten of the initially 12 recruited subjects experienced gastrointestinal side effects that tended to be mild and transient. When 3 subjects were excluded who had oral diabetes, medications added and/or dosages increased during the study and mean (SD) body weight declined from 108.4 (9.0) to 103.3 (7.3) kg (P = .001). Glycated hemoglobin fell nonsignificantly from 10.6% ± 1.9% to 9.6% ± 2.3% (P = .08). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol progressively rose from a baseline level of 30.5 ± 15.8 to 41.7 ± 12.1 mg/dL at month 12 in the 6 subjects who did not have lipid-modifying medications added during the study (P < .001). Significant improvements in body weight and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in this pilot study suggest that d-tag may be a potentially useful adjunct in the management of patients with type 2 DM.

25. healthy sugars increase muscular performance s

26. Use of healthy sugars galactose, isomaltulose, tagatose, trehalose for beverages and chocolate

27. Natural and digestible Fuel for constant energy Low glycemic index Tooth friendly Inducing fat burning

28. Healthy sugars for the prevention of: Diabetes Alzheimer Cancer Metabolic syndrome Overweight

29. Patent Refreshing beverage

30. Summary

32. Patent chocolate mass

33. Summary

34. Coca-Cola : vitaminwater 3% sugar (Fruktose, Saccharose) Stevia Citric acid -------------------------------------- Claims: Calorie restricted Coy beverages 2.5% sugar (Galactose, Isomaltulose, Trehalose,Tagatose) Stevia Gluconic acid --------------------------------------- Claims: Calorie restricted Low sugar Tooth friendly Low glycemic index Inducing fat burning Protection of neurons / brain