Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking

Four Worlds Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking CALIS is an outreach project of the School of International Relations

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Geography / Technology / Character basic factors of the human condition 2

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying factors, relating factors, and determining the “most important" factors is the science of the social sciences . social sciences the science

Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills =

Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills = Argument, Reasoning, Logic Evidence

Cause & Effect 1. How does the table enable students to practice a skill? 2. How does the table support critical thinking? What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics? 7th grade World History Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal-Littell, 2006

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model purposeful meaningful relevant critical elements of being student-centered 7

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model student-driven analysis toward independent critical thinking critical elements of being student-centered 8

Factoring The Math Analogy

Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors?

Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72:

Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9

Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9 “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.” math.com

Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9

Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9 1 96 2 48 3 32 4 24 6 16 8 12

Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9 1 96 2 48 3 32 4 24 6 16 8 12 1 2 3 4 6 8 24 24 12 12

Factoring The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. math.com In Social Science… Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors. …or the product of missing factors …or a likely product given a similar context …or influenced by this set of variables ...or the intersection of one or more sets. usc.edu/calis

Factoring But unlike math… In social science, some factors are concrete …some factors are concepts …and factors are very different in different contexts

Social Science Factors Handout reference sheet 2 These concepts are “factors” of the human condition – that when combined in different ways – produce different types of societies throughout history and around the world today. Some factors are basic to survival while others help establish more order and greater stability. Some of these factors are needed for a thriving, more humane existence. Societies have strengths or weaknesses across these factors. Absence or loss of certain factors can lead to the decline of a society.

Which factorsmake slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World Activities Database 0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors reference sheet 1 slavery Social World Cultural World 20

Which factorsmake slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Political World Economic World rights labor slavery Social World Cultural World class custom 21

Which factorsmake slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Political World Economic World rights labor legal system cost of production slavery Social World Cultural World hierarchy segregation identity beliefs class custom equity status shared values privilege 22

Which factorsmake slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Factors are simultaneous yet distinct. Political World Economic World rights labor legal system cost of production A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity. slavery Social World Cultural World hierarchy segregation identity beliefs class custom equity status shared values privilege 23

Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery? The root cause of slavery? Political World Economic World legal system labor system rights cost of production cause and effect slavery Social World Cultural World class system belief system segregation custom hierarchy identity equity privilege shared values status What are secondary or contributing causes? 24

Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery? Political World Economic World cost of production rights labor change the status quo legal system division of labor problem-solving change slavery Social World Cultural World protest Not everyone’s beliefs change hierarchy segregation identity beliefs class custom shared values equity status challenge Abolitionist ideas & values privilege the status quo start here 25

Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors? 26

Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors? stability 27

Social Science Factors produce Factors that produce stability resources leadership stability accountability shared values 28

Social Science Factors produce Factors that produce stability resources leadership production order prosperity security stability accountability shared values equity identity common good meaning 29

factors Which factors are MOST IMPORTANT to stability? resources leadership production order prosperity security stability accountability shared values equity identity common good meaning 30

world Is any one world MORE IMPORTANT to stability? resources leadership production order prosperity security stability accountability shared values equity identity common good meaning 31

And when it comes to stability… If the transfer of power is not clear, If then then what are the possible outcomes?

Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then then what are the likely outcomes? Cause & Effect Reasoning Speculation & Predictions Theory Building Hypothesis Testing What is your logic & evidence?

Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then then what are the possible outcomes?  power struggle  coup  assassination  civil war  vulnerability to attack - possibly to complete takeover, conquest  decline and suffering -possibly complete collapse What is your logic & evidence?

Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then What factors can complicate the transfer of power?

Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then What factors can complicate the transfer of power? factors It’s not just factors that are present. It might be factors that are missing or “too weak”. a lack of… resource security legitimate authority equity common identity

Factoring The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. math.com

Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? power

Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? power of ingenuity power of authority power power of solidarity power of ideas

Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? power of ingenuity power of authority power of resources power of force power power of solidarity power of ideas power of privilege power of beliefs

Causes & Effects of the Reformation cause effect Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. ideas The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. printing press More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. belief systems Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. Reformers translated the Bible so that people could interpret it for themselves.

Causes & Effects of the Reformation cause effect Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. taxes authority power incentive By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. technology news & media People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. printing press beliefs access More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. Reformers translated the Bible status equity roles so that people could interpret it for themselves. advocates identity hierarchy

What factors fueled the Protestant Reformation? power conflict Reopening of Silk Road Catholic Church had political power as an institution that owned --% of the land and imposed taxes European leaders who converted to Protestant faith did not have to follow “authority” of pope p 430 trade Growth of trading cities p 436 a corrupt church p 462 technology printing press p 449 cultural transmission news & media Church practices vs Catholic beliefs Access to books greatly increased the spread of ideas ▪ salvation through good deeds ▪ indulgences p 463  which fueled new ideas p 449 Luther challenges both practices & beliefs and gains support from other challengers literacy & education ▪ Luther: salvation only through faith in Christ – p 464 More authors / More readers ▪ Calvin: salvation only through predestination – p 472 equity & access meaning / comfort / hope new beliefs

Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking