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Final Review – Genetics

Final Review – Genetics. Diabetes is a recessive trait. One gene for diabetes is located on chromosome #11. What is the genotype for a female who is…. homozygous dominant? homozygous recessive? heterozygous? a “carrier”?

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Final Review – Genetics

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  1. Final Review – Genetics • Diabetes is a recessive trait. One gene for diabetes is located • on chromosome #11. • What is the genotype for a female who is…. • homozygous dominant? • homozygous recessive? • heterozygous? • a “carrier”? • What is the phenotype for each of these individuals? • homozygous dominant? • homozygous recessive? • heterozygous? DD dd Dd Dd NOT Diabetic Diabetic NOT Diabetic

  2. Complete a Punnett Square showing the cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for diabetes. D d DD Dd Dd dd D d What is the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the offspring? 1 DD: 2 Dd: 1 dd Genotype ______________________ Phenotype _____________________ 3 non-diabetic: 1 diabetic If the first child is diabetic, what is the chance the second child will also be diabetic? _________ the third child? _________ 1/4 1/4

  3. 2.Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linkedrecessive trait. What is the genotype for a female who is…. homozygous dominant? homozygous recessive? heterozygous? a “carrier”? What is the phenotype for each of these individuals? homozygous dominant? homozygous recessive? heterozygous? XDXD XdXd XDXd XDXd No M.D. Has M.D. NO M.D. What genotypes/phenotypes can a male have? Genotype – XDY → Phenotype – No M.D. Genotype – XdY → Phenotype – Has M.D.

  4. Complete a Punnett Square showing the cross between a female who is a carrier for Duchenne M.D. and a male who does not have it. XD Y XD Xd XDXD XDY XDXd XdY What is the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the offspring? 1 XDXD: 1 XDXd: 1 XDY: 1 XdY Genotype ________________________________________ Phenotype _______________________________________ 2 non-MD females: 1 non-MD male: 1 MD male

  5. If you cross a red flowered rose with a white flowered rose • you get a pink flowered rose. • This is an example of _______________________________ incomplete dominance/codominance • What are the genotypes for the following blood types? • A ___________ • B ___________ • AB __________ • O _________ IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi IAIB i i autosomes • In humans, chromosomes #1 – 22 are the ______________ • The other chromosomes are the _____________________ sex chromosomes autosomal – it is on chromosome #11, not on the X Is diabetes autosomal? Or sex-linked? _________________

  6. B. 6.A. C. I. Which of these is a recessive trait? II. Which is a dominant trait? III. Which is most likely a sex-linked trait? A and C B A Explain your answers!

  7. 7. The trait shown in the pedigree below is blue eyes. Blue eyes is recessive. Label the genotype for each of the family members below. Bb Bb B? bb bb B?

  8. Final Review – Chromosomes GENE 1. A ________________ is a section of a chromosome that is the instructions for how to make a ________________. PROTEIN 2. Chromosomes are made mostly of ______________. DNA 3. Identify the parts of the DNA molecule shown below. A= nitrogen bases B= phosphate C= deoxyribose sugar On first semester exam C A B 4. What are the building blocks of a DNA molecule? What are the main parts of one of these building blocks? nucleotides 1 nitrogen base, 1 phosphate, 1 deoxyribose sugar

  9. Final Review – Molecular Genetics 1. A section of DNA that codes for one protein is a/an _________ gene 2. A lastingchangein the sequence of nitrogen bases in the DNA is a/an ____________ caused by _______________ ____________________ or ________________________ mutation Carcinogens, Radiation (UV, X-rays, etc), natural errors in replication • Which mutations are passed down from one generation • to the next? Those that occur in gametes or the cells that form the gametes. • Which of the following describe DNA? RNA? Both? Neither? • a. Double stranded • b. Contains a sugar • c. Contains phosphate • d. Contains adenine • e. Contains thymine • f. Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm • g. Contains nitrogen bases DNA (RNA is single stranded) Both DNA & RNA (deoxyribose in DNA ribose in RNA) Both DNA & RNA Both DNA & RNA DNA (RNA has uracil instead) RNA (DNA is only in nucleus) Both DNA & RNA

  10. protein synthesis • The entire process illustrated above is ___________________ • The process shown in yellow is ______________________ • The process shown in white is _______________________ transcription translation • Identify each of the lettered structures in the diagram above. • A. ___________________E. _____________________ • B. ___________________F. _____________________ • C. ___________________ G. _____________________ • D. ___________________ DNA tRNA nitrogen base nitrogen base mRNA amino acid (join to form protein) ribosome

  11. What is the role of each type of RNA in protein synthesis? tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome mRNA carries the code from the nucleus to the ribosome rRNA is what the ribosomes are made of • mRNA forms a “complement” of the DNA. • What does this mean? • Does this happen during transcription or translation? If the DNA strand is AGCT then the mRNA that matches with it will be UCGA 9. How much DNA is needed to synthesize one protein? One gene 10. How are proteins used in living things? Proteins are used for structure of hair and muscles, as enzyme catalysts, as channels/markers/receptors in membranes, as hormones such as insulin, as antibodies, etc

  12. Final Review – Evolution & Classification Evolution • _____________ is a change in gene frequency in a • population over time. • 2. _____________ is a genetically controlled trait that helps • an organism survive in a particular environment. • 3. _____________ is when one or more new species arise from • a single ancestor species. • 4. What are the four steps required for natural selection to occur? An adaptation Speciation • Variation must exist in the population • There must be a struggle for survival • Some survive/reproduce better than others • The frequency of the successful trait increases • in the population

  13. 4. What are four sources of variation in a population? • crossing over, 2. independent assortment, • 3. which eggjoins with which sperm, 4. mutation • Which of these is NOT an adaptation? Explain. • a. Having attached earlobes in the US • b. Knowing what the red STOP sign means • c. A peppered moth having dark coloration Does not help them survive. Not genetically controlled. Depends on the environment. • Identify each of these as artificial selection, natural selection, • or sexual selection • a. turkeys with lots of white meat • b. peppered moths with white wings where there • are lots of lichens • c. peacocks with showy feathers • 7. What are two requirements for speciation? Artificial – humans choose Natural – birds choose Sexual – mates choose Reproductive isolation Natural selection

  14. How does the diagram • at right illustrate fossil • evidence of evolution? Fossils show that complex organisms (only in upper layers) have not been on earth for as long as simple organisms (in lower and upper layers). LAYERS OF ROCK • Use the chart at right • to determine if a chicken • is more closely related • to a whale or to a snake. Whale (only 9 differences) Which two organisms are the most distantly related? moth and yeast (48 differences)

  15. 10. What are the classification categories, most general to • most specific? • Which of these includes the greatest diversity of organisms? • Which of these is used in a scientific name? domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Domain Genus and species 13. Why do we use dichotomous keys? To determine the scientific name and/or identify of an organism

  16. Domain Kingdom Class Order Genus Species 10. Identify the levels of organization in the table above. 11. Which two organisms in this table that are the most closely related? 12. In the table above, what is the most specific category to which ALL FOUR organisms belong? C and D – They share the same Order. Phylum Chordata

  17. Light Chlorophyll Enzymes 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (honors version??) Enzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP Final Review – Matter and Energy • What is the equation for photosynthesis? • Include the “other” requirements. • What is the equation for cellular respiration? • Include the “other” requirements. Glucose sugar • What is the product of photosynthesis? • the by-product? • What is the product of cellular respiration? • the by-product? Oxygen gas ATP energy carbon dioxide and water

  18. What are substances • A and B in the diagram • at right? A Photosynthesis Respiration A = oxygen (O2) B = carbon dioxide (CO2) B • What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis? • 7.What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration? Photosynthesis changes light energy to chemical energy Cellular respiration provides organisms with readily usable ATP energy. What are three specific ways that cells use ATP energy? active transport, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, building proteins and other macromolecules, etc (NOT photosynthesis or cellular respiration – these are processes used to GET ATP energy)

  19. 8. Complete the following table Light Light or Dark Autotrophs All living organisms Chloroplasts Mitochondria CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Calvin Krebs

  20. The two groups of organisms that decompose • dead organic matter are ___________ & ___________ bacteria fungi flows one way • Energy __________________ through an ecosystem. • Matter _______________ through an ecosystem. cycles • What is the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in an ecosystem? • What is the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? • 13. What is the role of cellular respiration in the carbon cycle? They take nitrogen gas out of the air and put it in a form that can be used by plants. Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere and puts it into glucose in plants. Cellular respiration returns carbon to the atmosphere from all living things.

  21. 14. Complete the following table using +, -, and 0 + + + - + 0 - -

  22. Distinguish between trophic level, habitat and niche. • 17. Which one includes the other two? Trophic level = feeding level (ex. carnivore) Habitat = where the organism lives (ex. tall grass prairie) Niche = everything about how an organism fits into its ecosystem niche 18. Why does the pyramid of energy get narrower at the top? Energy is lost as you go from one trophic level to the next. 19. What is the source of energy for MOST ecosystems on earth? the sun

  23. 20. Draw a food chain with at least three steps. Label the trophic level for each organism. Berry Bush → Monkey → Python Must always herbivore, carnivore, Start with a primary secondary Producer consumer, consumer 1st level 2nd level consumer consumer 21. Which of these would you expect to find in greatest numbers? Why? Producers, they receive the greatest amount of energy 22. If there were 2000 calories of producers in an ecosystem, How many calories of 2nd level consumer would you expect? 20 calories

  24. 23. This represents a • food ___________. • Name two • competitors in this web. • What important group • of organisms has been • left off of this web? • 26. Which organisms are both primary and • secondary consumers? • Describe two things that would happen if the zooplankton • were all removed from this community? web zooplankton and mussels, gull & lobster, etc decomposers (bacteria & fungi) mussels The prawns and the fish would die. The phytoplankton would increase. Etc. (be sure to go both directions!)

  25. 28. What is the difference between transpiration and evaporation? 29. What is the difference between condensation and precipitation? Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the stomata of plants. Condensation occurs when water changes from a gas to a liquid (cloud formation). Precipitation is when water falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow, sleet, etc.

  26. Final Review – Ecology • What is the difference between biotic and abiotic limiting factors? • Give and example of each. biotic is living – ex. predators, food abiotic in nonliving – ex. water, temp. A. B. C. D. • Which of these best illustrates the human population from • 1000 to 2008? • Which is a population growing at its biotic potential? • Which is the logistic growth curve? • Which is the exponential growth curve? • Which shows a population that has reached its carrying capacity? D D C D C

  27. Which has the greater biotic potential rabbits or flies? • Explain. Flies can have ~120 offspring every 2 weeks. Rabbits can have only ~6 every 2-3 months. • What is the carrying capacity • for this bluegill population? • During which years was the • bluegill population growing at • its biotic potential? 120-140 bluegill ’83 – ’86

  28. 5. Complete the table below: rainforest, deciduous forest desert, tundra rainforest, tropical desert tundra, taiga 6. As the human population increases, what are some negative affects on the environment? Increased pollution, spread of disease and invasive species, resource destruction, habitat fragmentation, loss of wildlife, global warming, etc.

  29. Why did the reindeer population crash on St. Paul Island? There were no predators to limit population growth so they over populated ate all the food and damaged the environment.

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