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UNIT 4 BIOLOGY

UNIT 4 BIOLOGY. Continuity and Change: Genetics and Evolution. Assessments. SACs Summary report of a genetic cross (practical) DNA technologies (GTAC) Report on evolutionary relationships Presentation on gene technologies EXAMINATION. Introducing genetics. Chromosomes and meiosis

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UNIT 4 BIOLOGY

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  1. UNIT 4 BIOLOGY Continuity and Change: Genetics and Evolution

  2. Assessments • SACs • Summary report of a genetic cross (practical) • DNA technologies (GTAC) • Report on evolutionary relationships • Presentation on gene technologies EXAMINATION

  3. Introducing genetics • Chromosomes and meiosis • Alleles, phenotypes and test crosses • Linked genes and crossing over • Pedigrees

  4. Structure and function of DNA • Genes • The genetic code – what does it mean? • Molecules involved in building DNA and proteins • Genomics • Gene mutations

  5. How the cell uses DNA • Transcription and translation (building a protein) • Self-replication of DNA • The relationship between the code present on the DNA and the characteristics on the organism

  6. DNA and technology • How do we manipulate DNA? • The tools and techniques required • Electrophoresis • Applications of technology in genetics

  7. Introduction to evolution • Variations in a population • Natural selection as the agent for evolution • Special DNA: mitochondrial

  8. Evolution theory • History of evolution theory • Evidence for evolution • Different types and patterns of evolution

  9. Human evolution • Relationships between modern humans and ancient human-like creatures • “Monkey to man”? • Cultural and technological evolution: how does it impact our biology?

  10. Human intervention in evolution • Disruption of evolution • Technology use • Selective breeding • Reproductive and therapeutic cloning

  11. Today: introducing genes • Where are our genes? • What are genes made of? • What is the history of DNA?

  12. What is genetics? • Genetics is the study of heredity • Animals, plants and micro-organisms are studied E. coli

  13. Chromosomes • Are long thread like structures found in the nucleus • Made of a chemical called DNA • Some DNA is also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts

  14. Homologous chromosomes • 2 copies of each chromosome in each somatic (body) cell • 2 copies of each gene in each cell • Humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell • What is the difference between a male and female? Karyotype of a human male

  15. History • In 1953 Watson and Crick unravelled the structure of DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Double helix • Controversy of how results were obtained

  16. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Double helix which looks like a twisted ladder • Made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar and a base

  17. Bases • Specific base pairing • Adenine - Thymine • Guanine - Cytosine • DNA is universal – all living things from bacteria to plants and animals have the same 4 bases

  18. DNA and chromosomes • DNA coils tightly around proteins • Like a twisting piece of string Protein

  19. DNA

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