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CST 10.2 Political Revolutions ( England, the United States, France, and Latin America)

CST 10.2 Political Revolutions ( England, the United States, France, and Latin America). Taylor Burriss Saad Khan Savanah Tran Cristina Terrazas Ryan Willmore HWH 10 Period 3 Fall 2011 GHCHS. CST 10.2.1.

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CST 10.2 Political Revolutions ( England, the United States, France, and Latin America)

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  1. CST 10.2 Political Revolutions(England, the United States, France, and Latin America) Taylor Burriss Saad Khan Savanah Tran Cristina Terrazas Ryan Willmore HWH 10 Period 3 Fall 2011 GHCHS

  2. CST 10.2.1 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

  3. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America • Thomas Jefferson • Major Enlightenment thinker • Supported free speech and religious freedom -Voltaire • Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776 Chapter 6.4

  4. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America • James Madison • Known as the “Father of the Constitution” • Fourth president of the United States • Designed the plan of the Constitution • Three Branches of Government -Montesquieu • Executive, Legislative, and Judicial • Federal System • Separation of powers between federal (central) government and states (local) government Prologue .4

  5. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America Locke’s book stated that the English people had the right to overthrow King James II as he failed to protect their rights. Chapter 6 + Prologue • John Locke: • English philosopher who wrote Two Treaties of Government in 1690 • Believed people were born free and equal with the rights of life, liberty, and property. • Disagreed with the idea of the divine right of kings as he believed the government’s power should come from the people. • Inspired revolutions in North and South America and Europe.

  6. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America Chapter 6 + Prologue 10.2.1 • Charles-Louis Montesquieu: • French philosopher who wrote On the Spirit of Laws in 1748. • Created the idea of checks and balances and the idea of separation of powers. • His idea of separation of powers made 3 branches in the government which were the executive branch which enforces laws, the legislative branch which made the laws, and the courts which interpreted the laws. • Believed that Britain was the best governed country during his time as they had 3 branches of government. • Influenced British colonies in North America and his ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution.

  7. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America. Rousseau said that citizens should be able to vote for leaders who would be best for everyone and that by doing this, they would make a good government. Chapter 6 + Prologue • Jean Jacques Rousseau: • Wrote The Social Contract in 1762 in which he supported the idea of democracy. • Believed that a government should be formed from the consent of the governed. • Inspired leaders of the French revolution • Agreed with John Locke’s ideas

  8. 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America This statue shows Simón Bolívar with the flag of Venezuela because he led Venezuela to victory and for that he is thought to be a great general and fighter. Chapter 8 • Simón Bolívar: • A Venezuelan creole who was nicknamed “El Libertador” and “The George Washington of South America” • His goal was to unite all of South America into a country called Gran Colombia. • He led Venezuela to independence in 1821 after being exiled twice. • He believed America to be ungovernable.

  9. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)

  10. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) • The Magna Carta (1215): • Limited the power of King John (monarch) • The foundation of due process of law (no citizen may be denied their legal rights) • Principles: • Prohibited king from taking taxes without a council’s consent • Prohibited the seizure of property by the king • The right to due process (trial by jury) • Separation of church and state

  11. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) . • English Bill of Rights (1689): • Limited power of the king • Established a representative government (group of elected citizens who make laws for the people) • Free electionsfor Parliament • Limits to Power: • Prohibited excessive fines • Forbade cruel and unusual punishment • Gave citizens the right to petition the King Chapter 5.5

  12. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) . • American Declaration of Independence (1776): • Influenced by enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke • Declared separation from Britain • Principles: • Unalienable rights (rights a government cannot take away) -Locke • Popular sovereignty (governments get consent from the citizens) • Natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) -Locke Chapter 6.4

  13. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) • French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789): • Influenced by enlightenment ideas and the Declaration of Independence • Formed after the French Revolution • Principles: • Natural rights (liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression) -Locke • Freedom of speech and religion –Voltaire • Men are born free and equal. (“liberty, equality, fraternity”) Chapter 7.2

  14. CST 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) U.S. citizens exercise their right to freedom of speech as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights • U.S. Bill of Rights (1791): • Created to limit the government’s power • Influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the English Bill of Rights • Principles: • Gave citizens freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly -Voltaire • Guaranteed trial by jury • Protection from cruel and unusual punishment • Ensured due process of law Chapter 6.4

  15. CST 10.2.3 Understand the unique character of the American Revolution, its spread to the other parts of the world and its continuing significance to other nations

  16. CST 10.2.3 Understand the unique character of the American Revolution, its spread to the other parts of the world and its continuing significance to other nations The colonists protested the king with the saying, “No taxation without representation” • Causes • Navigation Acts • Colonists couldn’t sell their valuable products to anyone except the British • Colonists had to pay higher taxes on French/Dutch imports • Stamp Act • Colonists were forced to pay a tax on wills, deeds, newspapers, and all other printed materials Chapter 6.4

  17. CST 10.2.3 Understand the unique character of the American Revolution, its spread to the other parts of the world and its continuing significance to other nations Pancho Villa and his troops used the railroad as a means to fight for a new constitution in Mexico • The Revolution Spreads • Many Latin American countries now sculpted their constitution like the United States as a republic such as, Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru and Mexico. Chapter 6.4

  18. CST 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire

  19. CST 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire The picture depicts the social classes of pre-revolutionary France. The men riding the old man represent The First and Second Estate while the elderly man represents The Third Estate supporting the other two estates Section 7.1 of the textbook • The ideology of the French Revolution: to gain equality between classes • At an attempt to expand France’s boundaries, Louis XIV imposed new taxes to pay for the constant warfare • France was divided in Three estates • The strive for equality motivated the Third Estate to work towards making commoners equal to nobility

  20. CST 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire A painting of the National Assembly by Jacques Louis-David A National Assembly formed to take away privileges from the First and Second Estate The National Assembly successfully limited the monarchy, taking away much of a king’s authority (constitutional monarchy) Food shortages and government debt still remained in France The new government split into three groups: Radicals Moderates and Conservatives Another radical political organizations, known as the Jacobins, caused a number of changes in the government One Jacobin leader, Maximillien Robespierre, assumed control. His reign was known as the Reign of Terror

  21. CST 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire A picture of a guillotine used to execute enemies of the republic Robespierre started eliminating enemies of the republic with use of the guillotine. Allowing this type of rule of agreement is considered to be democratic despotism A group of anti-republicans turned on Robespierre, having him executed and bringing the end of the Reign of Terror Anti-republicans agreed allowing people to self-rule could not hold a stable government They found a military general who could lead the French army named Napoleon Bonaparte

  22. CST 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic Empire A picture of Napoleon Bonaparte in a heroic pose painted by Jacques Louis-David Napoleon was a strong military commander, winning many battles He won so many battles that eventually he gained enough support to crown himself emperor, also symbolizing his power greater than the church Napoleon lead France away from democracy during his reign as much of the power went to him as emperor Napoleon, however, did keep the goals of the revolution, including unity between the government and the governed. His Napoleonic code gave the country a uniform set of laws

  23. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848.

  24. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. • Napoleon • Born in 1769 in Corsica • Joined the Army of the rebels during the revolution • Became a hero after defending the National Convention • Urged to seize power after winning battles in Europe and Egypt • Although he actually lost in Egypt, it was not reported • He did in the form of a coup d’etat (blow to the state) • A plebiscite vote of the people was held to approve a new constitution and his rule Chapter 7.3

  25. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. This map illustrates the British strategy of splitting the French and Spanish fleet in half in the Battle of Trafalgar • Napoleon believed that his greatest work was the Napoleonic Code of laws • Becomes Emperor in 1804 • Napoleon’s Downfall: • Only major loss in race to conquer Europe was at Trafalgar • This loss ensured British naval superiority and kept him from invading England Chapter 7.3

  26. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. • Napolean’s Downfall (cont.): • Napoleon set up a blockade • Closed trading ports and kept Britain from trading • Called it the continental system • Cut Britain off from the rest of the continent • Nationalism (loyalty to one’s own country) caused Spanish fighters to rebel • Known as Guerillas for their tactics Chapter 7.4

  27. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. This painting depicts the bitter cold French troops faced in their retreat from Moscow • Napolean’s Downfall (Cont.): • The Peninsular War • Known because of Spain’s location on the Iberian Peninsula • Napoleon lost many troops, weakening his army • Plans to invade Russian with 420,000 troops • Resorts to Scorched Earth Policy • Burning of land and killing livestock to ruin an area’s economy and morale • Burn Moscow, where the army rests until winter Chapter 7.4

  28. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. The Battle of Waterloo was Napoleon’s last effort to regain dictatorship in France. • Napolean’s Downfall (Cont.): • Marches 410,000 troops to die in the Russian Campaign • Attacked by major European Powers after losing those wars and is defeated after the Battle of Leipzig • Banished to Elba, but escapes • Begins to rebuild his army and plans to conquer Europe • Period known as the Hundred Days • Defeated at the battle of Waterloo in Belgium Chapter 7.4

  29. CST 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and concert of Europe until the revolutions of 1848. • Congress of Vienna • The 5 great powers of Europe met to establish peace • Austrian prince/foreign minister Klemens von Metternich was the most influential person there • Developed the balance of power to make sure no country would be a threat to the others • Used legitimacy to restore pre-napoleon rulers • Set up the Holy alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia using Christian principles to combat revolution • The Concert of Europe ensured that countries would help others combat revolution, which prevented nationalism-based revolutions for 100 years

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