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China: Tang & Song

China: Tang & Song. Reunification & Renaissance Chapter 12, pg.256-276 220 CE: Han dynasty ends 220-589: era of division 589-618: Sui dynasty 618-907: Tang dynasty 960-1279: Song dynasty 1279-1368: Yuan Mongol dynasty. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice. 589 : Wendi

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China: Tang & Song

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  1. China: Tang & Song Reunification & Renaissance Chapter 12, pg.256-276 220 CE: Han dynasty ends 220-589: era of division 589-618: Sui dynasty 618-907: Tang dynasty 960-1279: Song dynasty 1279-1368: Yuan Mongol dynasty

  2. Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice • 589: Wendi • Sui dynasty came to power • Wins widespread support through • Role of nomads • Lowering taxes • Establishing granaries

  3. Sui Excesses & Collapse • Yangdi • Milder legal code • Restoration of Confucian exam system • Promotion of scholar-gentry • Excess, waste, & wars led to collapse • Yangdi assassinated in 618

  4. Emergence of the Tang • 623: Li Yuan • lays the foundation for the Tang • Extends borders of the empire • Attempts to assimilate nomads of the Central Asian frontier

  5. Rebuilding the Bureaucracy • Bureaucracy key to Chinese unity • Revived scholar-gentry • Bureaucracy staffed by scholar-gentry • Offset power of the nobility

  6. The Examination System • Emphasized Confucian thought • Exam system expanded • Meritocracy exists, but birth/family connections still most important

  7. State & Religion • Buddhism spread rapidly during era of division (b/t fall of Han & rise of Sui) • Mahayana/Pure Land = mass appeal • Chan/Zen = elite appeal • Buddhism = cultural, political force • Maintained support during early Tang • Empress Wu

  8. Anti-Buddhist Backlash • Confucian revival threatened Buddhism • Daoism & Confucianism counter Buddhism’s popularity • Persecution under Wuzong • Confucianism re-emerges as central ideology • Buddhism remains influential minority

  9. Tang Decline, Rise of Song • 713-756: Xuangong’s rule = climax of Tang civilization • Yang Guifei • 800s: Tang collapse by: • Nomadic groups • Powerful provincial governors • Worsening economic conditions

  10. Founding of the Song • 960: Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty • Nomadic Khitans/Liao dynasty remain influential in north • Tribute paid to Khitans for peace • Sinification

  11. Song Politics • Song = less powerful than Tang • Weakened military • Strengthened scholar-gentry →Bureaucracy becomes bureaucratic: large, ineffective government

  12. Confucian Revival • Neo-Confucianism: • Virtue could be cultivated • Tradition over new, foreign ideas • Particularly stressed lessons of five relationships • Patriarchal

  13. Decline & Reform • Decline: • Held hostage by threat of nomadic groups • Reform: • Legalist & interventionist ideas aimed at correcting dynastic weaknesses

  14. Reaction & Disaster • Neo-Confucianism prevailed in end • Reversed reforms • Manchurian nomads (Jurchens/Jin) invaded • Song leadership fled south • Termed “Southern Song dynasty”

  15. Golden Age: Prosperity • Population shifted to south • Grand Canal

  16. Commercial Expansion • Territorial expansion & manufacturing → renewal of silk roads • Trade aided by: • Junks • Government regulation • Flying money • Urbanization intensified economic growth

  17. Expansion of Agriculture • Expanded agriculture into new lands • Innovations increased productivity • Redistributed land to peasants

  18. Family & Society • Confucian social ideas adopted at all levels • Hierarchy became more rigid & elaborate • Reinforced by law • Marriage practices • Early postclassical saw improvement for urban-elite women

  19. Male Dominance • Despite exceptions, women’s conditions overwhelming declined • Especially in late postclassical • Due to power of Neo-Confucianism • Footbinding • Compare upper class to lower class?

  20. Question: • In what ways was footbinding symbolic of women’s position in postclassical China?

  21. Invention, Scholarship, & Art • Extremely technologically advanced • Engineering • Gunpowder • Compasses • Moveable printing • Confucian scholarship & being well-rounded valued • Tang = poetry, literature • Song = landscape painting

  22. Global Connections • No major changes, instead, a consolidation of Chinese civilization • Extended influence over East Asia • Most advanced economy in world with major technological innovations • Important global impacts

  23. Tang Sui Southern Song Song

  24. Question: • How did Chinese society change & stay the same during the postclassical period? • Compare & contrast the Tang & Song dynasties. • In what ways did each successive dynasty try to address the weakness of the previous? What were the results of these efforts?

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