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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. An Introduction to Energy. Energy makes life possible. Life is highly organized Creating & maintaining this order requires energy Organisms perform work Movement Manufacturing (new cells, new organelles, new proteins) Making heat to maintain body temperature

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 An Introduction to Energy

  2. Energy makes life possible • Life is highly organized • Creating & maintaining this order requires energy • Organisms perform work • Movement • Manufacturing (new cells, new organelles, new proteins) • Making heat to maintain body temperature • Activity of nervous system: sensation; thinking • All work requires energy

  3. Forms of energy • “Energy” can exist in many forms, not all of which are obvious • Energy can be transformed from one form to another

  4. ATP: adenosine triphosphate • A versatile form of chemical energy used by all cells • Direct energy source for everything an organism does • Food (sugar, fat) is converted into ATP

  5. Chapter 7 Deriving Energy from Food

  6. From Food to ATP Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 36 ADP  (glucose) 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP

  7. Cellular Respiration ATP is produced from food in 3 phases: • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain

  8. Insert one glucose: 2 ATP Electrons carried by NADH 2 ATP 32 ATP

  9. Glycolysis • First step in breaking down sugar • Takes place in cytosol (cytoplasm) • all living things perform glycolysis • In some bacteria, it’s the only phase of energy harvesting

  10. Cellular Respiration ATP is produced from food in 3 phases: • Step 1: Glycolysis • Happens in cytosol / cytoplas • Breaks glucose into 2 smaller molecul • Releases a little energy • Step 2: Happens inside mitochondria • Releases a lot of energy • Waste products are water and CO2

  11. Cellular Respiration • Step 3: Electron transport • ATP is made from the energy released in previous steps • Requires oxygen • Happens in the mitochondria

  12. Fermentation • An alternative to cellular respiration • A different way to get ATP from sugar • Does NOT need oxygen • Glycolysis is the same, but steps 2&3 are different • Different products: alcohol is one • Makes fewer ATP per glucose (2 vs 36)

  13. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

  14. Photosynthesis • The work of plants • Original source of ALL foods • Transforms solar energy into chemical energy • In Chloroplasts • Opposite of cellular respiration Energy + CO2 + H2O  Food + O2

  15. Photosynthesis • The oxygen we breathe is a by-product • The CO2 we exhale is cleared from the atmosphere • The “food” is high energy carbohydrates

  16. Visiblelight Photosynthesis The energy comes from sunlight Red and Blue frequencies are absorbed

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