EdTech 503 Reading Quiz #1 Instructional Design

1. EdTech 503Reading Quiz #1Instructional Design by Karen Kelly

2. Instructional Design Table of Contents Slide NumberTopic       3-4                                            History                                                                                                                 Definitions       5-6                                            Instructional Design                                              7-8                                            Systematic                                                             9-10                                          Why Models are Useful                                         11-12                                             IPISD model                                                    13-14                                             IPDM model                                                     15-16                                             Dorsey, Goodrum & Schwen model               17-18                                             Diamond model                                               19-20                                             Smith & Ragan model       20-22                                             Dick,Carey, & Carey model                                                                              Theories       23-24                                             Constructivism       25-26                                             Empiricism                 27-28                                             Behaviorism       29-30                                             Information Processing                                  31-32                                        Educational Technology       33-34                                        References                                      

4. The Brief History of Instructional Design (ID) in the U.S.A.           Instructional Design (ID) originates back to the 1940's (during WW II), when teaching materials were needed to be developed for the military. Over the past 50 years the scope of ID has broadened as it has been influenced by the performance technology movement, a resurgence of constructivism, increasing use of electronic performance, rapid prototyping, increasing interest in using the internet for distance learning, and knowledge management. Other events shaped the history of design including the launch of Sputnik, introduction of an empirical approach to education, use of behavioral objectives, the criterion-reference testing movement, Robert M. Gagne's  introduction of 5 Domains and 9 events of instruction, introduction of early ID models, introduction of formative evaluation, and an interest in the systems approach.   Metaphor          A path that has been followed to get where we are now in ID. Reference :  http://bit.ly/fa2I0

6. Instructional Design Defined         An Instructional designer is expected to provide a system of instructional materials for his or her clients. The Instructional designer can assume the role of a teacher in providing training in education, business, industry, government, and/or private agencies. The Instructional Designer requires a great deal of computer experience or technical competencies and skills. Metaphor          It is the gardening that we do which provides what is needed. Reference : http://bit.ly/iaQ1h

8. Systemic Defined         B.F. Skinner is credited with the introduction of the systems approach to education. It is an orderly way of looking at all the parts that interact and are related while reaching a common goal.     The 1970's was a time of high interest in systems approach. Instructional design uses a systematic approach as the basic engine used to run its models. Metaphor          The structures in the garden represents everything that is interrelated and works together. Reference : http://bit.ly/1KbTdF

10. Why Models are Useful         The first models for ID were developed in the 1960's and 70's. Over the years, the number of models has increased. People have built upon the works of previous contributors.         Models can be useful in that they provide a simple representation and they help us to conceptualize reality.          It is important to select appropriate models, don't force them. Metaphor          This garden represents what the outcome could be if you follow an effective model. Reference:  http://bit.ly/DkTw

11. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.67.)

12. Model 1: IPISD model(The Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Development)          A joint effort between many departments of the U.S.A. military.         One of the mostly highly detailed models that is designed to have a common approach to military training.They were in search of rigorous procedures for developing effective instruction, and improved communication.Uses 5 phazes: analyze, design, develop, implement, and control (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Weakness: too linear and narrow in instructional focus.         Strength: extensive specification of procedures to follow during the ID process.

13. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.70.)

14. Model 2: IPDM model(The Instructional Project Development and Management)          Created by C. G. Gentry, 1994         A model intended for graduate students and practicing instructional developers and teachers. It has numerous techniques and job aids for completing tasks. Divided into 2 groups of components developing and supporting. It emphasizes the importance of sharing (communication) information between the 2 clusters during the project (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Strength: attends to what needs to be done, and how it is done.

15. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.73.)

16. Model 3: The Dorsey, Goodrum and Schwen model         Created by Dorsey, Goodrum and Schwen, 1997.         This model emphasizes the central role users play in the development process. The designers all collaborate and are not outsiders. It is most appropriately applied at the course development level. (or products made within courses) It has an ADDIE element in it.There are 5 cycles: create a vision, explore conceptual prototypes, experiment with hands on mock-ups, pilot test working prototypes, and fully implement the evolving vision (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Weakness: More conceptual than operational. They don't say how development and testing should take place.         Strength: Offer principles, interaction, and feedback.

17. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.75.)

18. Model 4: The Diamond model         Created by R.M. Diamond,1989.         The Diamond model is useful in higher educational institutions. It can be both used in the classroom and in systems. ID's are members of a team. It is a 7 step process. The feasibility and desirability of launching the project are examined. It also thinks in terms of the ideal without the constraints, so it is very creative and innovative (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Strengths: It considers enrollment projections, level of effectiveness of existing courses, priorities of institution, and faculty enthusiasm before it begins development.         Weakness: ?

19. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.78.)

20. Model 5: The Smith and Ragan model         Created by P. Smith and T. Ragan,1999.         This model consists of 3 phases: Analysis, Strategy, and Evaluation. The conceptual framework within the 3 phases if 8 steps: Learning Environment, Learners, Learning Task,Write Test Items, Determine, Write and Produce Instruction, Conduct, and Revise.         It has become increasingly popular with instructional designers as it has an important cognitive psychology base (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Strengths: Strong in  the area of developing specific instructional strategies where many other ID models are weak in this area.         Weakness: It is rather linear.

21. (Gustafon & Branch, 2002., p.80.)

22. Model 6: The Dick, Carey and Carey model         Created by W. Dick, L. Carey & J. Carey, 2001.         This is likely the most widely cited ID model considered a standard model by many designers. Its beginning feature is very different for other models in that the first step is to assess needs to identify goals. The conducting and analyzing are done in parallel (Gustafon & Branch, 2002).         Strengths:The phases of analyzing and evaluation are strengths.         Weakness:  It is considered product orientated rather that systems, depending on its size.

24. What is Constructivism?      Constructivism (Rationalism) is an educational philosophy that has most recently become popular with most educators. Its roots come from Piaget. A Constructivist states that "reason is the primary source of knowledge and reality is constructed rather than discovered", or "knowledge is not transmitted it is constructed" (Smith & Ragan, 2005, p. 18).          As an educator it is important not to do activities that lose the goal in the activity. Metaphor   The building of a garden represents the active construction and building ideas with the learning being based on the experience. Reference:  http://www.passitalong.org/images/Three.JPG

26. What is Empiricism? Empiricism (Objectivism) is an educational philosophy that has long standing tension with Constructivism.         A Empiricist states that "knowledge is acquired through experience" "and"  "we aren't wired with knowledge", (Smith & Ragan, 2005, p. 18).        Metaphor   The tarp over a garden represents the empty slate onto which our experiences will be engraved. Reference: http://www.brownstoner.com/crownheights_reno/tarped.jpg

28. What is Behaviorism?         Behaviorism is a type of descriptive learning theory that was influencial during the first half of the 20th century.  It describes how learning occurs (in contrast to cognitive learning theory) It concentrates on the observed behavior of the learner with an emphasis on the environment. It was formed around Pavlov's (1927) classical conditioning,Thorndike's (1913) laws of learning, and Watson's (1913) operant conditioning (give a reward) , (Smith & Ragan, 2005).       Metaphor  The children raiding the garden represent Behaviorism: stimulus - see the berries, response - eat them, reinforcement - stomach feels satisfied, or get in trouble from parents.  Reference: http://bit.ly/1E3Ayy

30. What is Information Processing Theory?         Information Processing Theory believes that learning and development occur concurrently.         It is explained in terms of changes to the human information processing system.          When you develop:  •         your mental space increase because your brain matures                        (mylenization), •          your cognitive strategies become automatic, and  •          your prior knowledge becomes more extensive and                             organized (Smith & Ragan, 2005). Metaphor  Our growth in gardening skills represent the changes that occur in ones development over time.  References: http://bit.ly/8U8nI; http://bit.ly/Xlgx

32. How ID relates to Educational Technology     Educational Technology is the study of coordinating the use of technologies (right up to the most current ones) into the education of all human learners. Educational Technologists design and deliver learning materials, facilitate communication, provide assessment and feedback and apply research.     An Instructional designer is expected to provide a system of instructional materials for his or her clients. The Instructional designer can assume the role of a teacher in providing training in education, business,    industry, government, and/or private agencies. The Instructional Designer requires a great deal of computer experience or technical competencies and skills. Metaphor  Hydroponics represents the use of technology. Reference:http://bit.ly/2UvqSB

33. References Gustafon, Kent L. & Branch, Robert Maribe. (2002). Survey of Instructional Development Models, 4th Edition (Ch. 1, 2, 5, & 6). Syracuse, NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information and Technology. Molenda, Michael. (May/June 2003). In Search of the Elusive ADDIE Model. Retrieved September 16, 2009 from http://edtech.mrooms.org/file.php/14/resources_intro-to-ID/Molenda_Searching-for-Elusive-ADDIE.pdf Molenda, Michael. (2003). The ADDIE Model. DRAFT. In A. Kovalchick & K. Dawson (Ed.), Educational Technology: An Encyclopedia (pp. 1-5 ). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. Reiser, Robert. (2001) A History of Instructional Design and Technology. Part II: A History of Instructional Design. (p. 57-67). ETR&D, Vol 49, No.2. ISSN 1042-629. Smith, P. L. & Ragan, T. J.  (2005). Instructional design, 3rd Edition (Ch. 1 & 2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

34. What is this biking a metaphor for ? (photo courtesy of Doug Kelly, July 1990)