Werner CEUSTERS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Ontology Research Group University at Buffalo

1. Discovery Seminar 035158/UE 141 MMM – Spring 2008Solving Crimes using Referent Tracking Crime TerminologyIntroduction – Feb 6, 2008Discussion – Feb 13, 2008 Werner CEUSTERS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Ontology Research Group University at Buffalo, NY, USA

2. Assignment • Find words that are used to describe a person from the time some serious crime has been committed, till the time the one who committed the crime is executed (suppose we are in Texas). Example words are: culprit, accused, defendant, suspect, ... • Give also at least 2 definitions for each word you submit. You are free to use whatever source, but if you do, quote it appropriately.

3. Response overview • S7 2/6 • S5 2/5 • S3 2/4 • S2 2/1 • S10 1/24 • (ja) 1/23 • S9 1/22

4. Results adjournment during the Trial or Hearing foul play perpetrator guilty lawbreaker prisoner criminal witness intriguing mobster acquitted culprit alleged victim suspect convict detainee predator inculpate charge inmate weapon evidence robber wrongdoer verdict felon appeal arraigned accused investigation brief delinquent trial admissible murderer subhuman offender defendant sentencing jury alleged offender judge incrimate arrest interrogation lawyer forensic evidence

5. ‘suspect’ • to doubt or mistrust. • to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise. • one who is suspected of something. • one who is suspected of having committed a crime. • someone who is under suspicion • to think (a person etc) guilty • to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad. • to have doubts about; distrust • person being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial • to have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain proof.

6. ‘Terminology’ • The discipline of terminology management • homonymous with terminology • synonymous with terminology work (used in ISO 704) • The set of designations used in the special language of a subject field, such as the terminology of chemistry • Used in in both the singular and plural • Used with an article in the singular: a terminology

7. Fundamental Activities of Terminology Work • Identifying ‘concepts’ and ‘concept relations’; • Analyzing and modeling concept systems on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations; • Establishing representations of concept systems through concept diagrams; • Crafting concept-oriented definitions; • Attributing designations (predominantly terms) to each concept in one or more languages; and, • Recording and presenting terminological data, principally in terminological entries stored in print and electronic media (terminography).

8. Triadic models of meaning: The Semiotic/Semantic triangle Reference: Concept / Sense / Model / View / Partition Sign: Language/ Term/ Symbol Referent: Reality/ Object

9. Requirements for (clinical) vocabularies (1) • Domain completeness: coverage of all possible terms that lie within a vocabulary’s domain • Non-vagueness: the term should represent the concept behind it as close as possible • Non-ambiguity: the same term cannot refer to more than one concept • Non-redundancy: each concept must be represented by one unique identifier (Cimino, 1989)

10. Requirements for clinical vocabularies (2) • Synonomy: multiple ways for expressing a word (or concept) must be allowed • Multiple classification: concepts must be allowed to be classified in multiple hierarchies • Consistency of view: concepts must have the same relationships in all views • Explicit relationships: all relationships (e.g. class, synonymy,…) must be explicitly labelled.

11. Aristotle’s triadic meaning model Words spoken are signs or symbols (symbola) of affections or impressions (pathemata) of the soul (psyche); written words (graphomena) are the signs of words spoken (phoné). As writing (grammatta), so also is speech not the same for all races of men. But the mental affections themselves, of which these words are primarily signs (semeia), are the same for the whole of mankind, as are also the objects (pragmata) of which those affections are representations or likenesses, images, copies (homoiomata). Aristotle, 'On Interpretation', 1.16.a.4-9, Translated by Cooke & Tredennick, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1938. pathema semeia  gramma/ phoné pragma

12. An interesting sidestep: “understanding” • “understanding”  Latin “substare” • literally: “to stand under” • Websters Dictionary (1961) understanding =the power to render experience intelligible by bringing perceived particulars under appropriate concepts. • “particulars” = what is NOT SAID of a subject (Aristotle) • substances: this patient, that tumor, ... • qualities: the red of that patient’s skin, his body temperature, blood pressure, ... • processes: that incision made by that surgeon, the rise of that patient’s temperature,... • “concepts”: may be taken in the above definition as Aristotle’s “universals” = what is SAID OF a subject • Substantial concepts: patient, tumor, ... • Quality concepts: white, temperature • ...

13. my your understanding understanding Richards’ semantic triangle reference • Reference (“concept”): “indicates the realm of memory where recollections of past experiences and contexts occur”. • Hence: as with Aristotle, the reference is “mind-related”: thought. • But: not “the same for all”, rather individual mind-related symbol referent

14. R1 R2 R3 mole (skin lesion) mole (unit) mole (animal) Don’t confuse with homonymy ! “mole”

15. One reference understanding of x understanding of y referent symbol Different thoughts Homonymy R2 R3 R1 mole “skinlesion” mole “unit” “mole” mole “animal”

16. And by the way, synonymy... the Aristotelian view Richards’ view “sweat” “sweat” “perspiration” “perspiration”

17. Frege’s view sense • “sense” is an objective feature of how words are used and not a thought or concept in somebody’s head • 2 names with the same reference can have different senses (mst/ist) • 2 names with the same sense have the same reference (synonyms) • a name with a sense does not need to have a reference (“Beethoven’s 10th symphony”) name reference (=referent)

18. reference term referent Ontology and the semantic triangle • In Information Science: • “An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents.” • In Philosophy: • “Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality.”

19. Ontology • ‘Ontology’: the study of being as a science • ‘An ontology’ is a representation of some pre-existing domain of realitywhich • (1) reflects the properties of the objects within its domain in such a waythat there obtains a systematic correlation between realityand the representation itself, • (2) is intelligible to a domain expert • (3) is formalized in a way that allows it to support automatic information processing • ‘ontological’ (as adjective): • Within an ontology. • Derived by applying the methodology of ontology • ...

20. This is not the right approach to ontology ! Fundamental Activities of Terminology Work • Identifying ‘concepts’ and ‘concept relations’; • Analyzing and modeling concept systems on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations; • Establishing representations of concept systems through concept diagrams; • Crafting concept-oriented definitions; • Attributing designations (predominantly terms) to each concept in one or more languages; and, • Recording and presenting terminological data, principally in terminological entries stored in print and electronic media (terminography).

21. Terminology is a tool for dealing with language, not one for representing reality. Reason for our rejection: The terminological View • Objects • perceived or conceived, concrete or abstract • abstracted or conceptualized into concepts • Concepts • depict or correspond to a set of objects based on a defined set of characteristics • represented or expressed in language by designations or by definitions • organized into concept systems • Designations • represented as terms, names (appellations) or symbols • designate or represent a concept • attributed to a concept by consensus within a special language community ?

22. Limitation of terminology • Concept-based terminology (and standardisation thereof) is there as a mechanism to improve understanding of messages by humans. • It is NOT the right device • to explain why reality is what it is, how it is organised, etc., (although it is needed to allow communication), • to reason about reality, • to make machines understand what is real, • to integrate across different views, languages, conceptualisations, ...

23. Why not ? • Does not take care of universals and particulars appropriately • Concepts not necessarily correspond to something that (will) exist(ed) • Sorcerer, unicorn, leprechaun, ... • Definitions set the conditions under which terms may be used, and may not be abused as conditions an entity must satisfy to be what it is • Language can make strings of words look as if it were terms • “Middle lobe of left lung” • “Kennedy’s second murderer”

24. Universal Particular Peirce, Ogden & Richards, … ~ Universal ??? Unit of Thinking (Concept) (Unit of Thought, Unit of Knowledge) Referent (Concrete Object, Real Thing, Conceived Object) Designation (Symbol, Sign, Term, Formula etc.)

25. Response (2) Suspect to doubt or mistrust. to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise. Victim a living creature sacrificed in religious rites. a person who suffers from a destructive or injurious action or agency Interrogation to ask questions formally. to rule over. Investigation the act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated. a searching inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or careful examination. Evidence something that makes plain or clear; an indication or sign. data presented to a court or jury in proof of the facts in issue and which may include the testimony of witnesses, records, documents, or objects. Foulplay unfair conduct in a game. any treacherous or unfair dealing, esp. involving murder. Trial a person or thing that is a source of annoyance or irritation. the act or process of trying, testing, or putting to the proof. Jury a group of persons chosen to adjudge prizes, awards, etc., as in a competition. a group of persons sworn to render a verdict or true answer on a question or questions officially submitted to them. judge an administrative head of Israel in the period between the death of Joshua and the accession to the throne by Saul. a public officer authorized to hear and decide cases in a court of law; a magistrate charged with the administration of justice. Lawyer an interpreter of the Mosaic Law. a person whose profession is to represent clients in a court of law or to advise or act for clients in other legal matters. Witness a person or thing that affords evidence. to see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception: to witness an accident. Weapon to supply or equip with a weapon or weapons. anything used against an opponent, adversary, or victim Dictionary.com

26. Response (3) Suspect One who is suspected of something. One who is suspected of having committed a crime. Felon a wicked person. Someone who has committed a felony. Convict a person serving a prison sentence. A person proved or declared guilty of an offense. Accused a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense. A defendant in a criminal proceeding Defendant a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court. A person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused. Prisoner a person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process. A person or thing that is deprived of liberty or kept in restraint. Inmate a person who dwells with others in the same house. A person who is confined in a prison, hospital, etc. Murderer a person who commits murder. A criminal who commits homicide. Criminal a person guilty or convicted of a crime. One that has committed or been legally convicted of a crime. Offender a person who transgresses moral or civil law. A person who offends, especially against the law No source given

27. Response (5) Accused the person charged with committing the crime. Acquitted When the magistrate, judge or jury find that a person is not guilty of the crime. Adjournment during the Trial or Hearing A break for morning tea or lunch or for ‘legal argument’ (see below) It can also mean when a trial is put off until another day. Admissible Used to describe evidence that is allowed to be given in court. Arrest the procedure where a person is taken into police custody to be charged with a criminal offence or to be brought before a court and must remain in police custody until they receive bail or until a court deals with their charges. Alleged offender until a person is proved to be guilty of a crime; the person is an alleged offender. Appeal To take a case to a higher court in order to challenge a decision. The person who appeals is the appellant. Brief the evidence in written form, including the charge(s), witness statements, photographs etc. that the prosecution intends to use to prove the case. Charge the allegation that a person has committed a specific crime. Forensic Evidence Evidence found where the crime happened, such as fingerprints, results of blood tests, DNA etc Sentencing A range of penalties can be given during sentencing of a convicted offender including imprisonment, community service orders, good behavior bonds and fines. Verdict The decision of a jury in a criminal trial. Victim the person against whom a crime has been committed The Courtwise Dictionary http://www.courtwise.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/victimsservices/ll_courtwise.nsf/pages/courtwise_dictionary#h

28. Response (7) Predator a company that tries to take over another; a rapist, exploitive person or group; an animal that naturally preys on another. Criminal a person who has committed a crime. Intriguing to arose curiosity or interest Suspect to have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain proof. Subhuman not worthy of human being, debased or depraved. Defendant individual company or institution accused in the court of law. Bardsely, Marilyn, and Steve Huff. "Taylor Behl Murder Case." TruTV Crime Library. 2 Feb. 2008 <http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/taylor_behl/taylor_behl_jump_page.html>.

29. Response (9) Culprit person who committed a crime, not necessarily convicted Criminal name given to a person after they have been convicted or committed a crime Accused person accused of a crime before they are convicted Delinquent person accused of a crime or criminal behavior Convict name of a person after conviction Suspect person being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial Offender person accused, before and after trial or conviction

30. Response (10) Suspect someone who is under suspicion to think (a person etc) guilty Accused a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense To make a charge of wrongdoing against another Perpetrator to commit To be responsible for; commit Detainee a person held in custody A person held in custody or confinement Lawbreaker a person who breaks or violates the law someone who violates the law Delinquent A person who neglects or fails to do what law or duty requires a young offender Wrongdoer a person who does wrong, esp. a sinner or transgressor One who does wrong, especially morally or ethically Arraigned To call (an accused person) before a court to answer the charge made against him or her by indictment, information, or complaint. To call to account; accuse Culprit a person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault One charged with an offense or crime Defendant Law. a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court The party against which an action is brought Offender One that offends, especially one that breaks a public law a person who transgresses moral or civil law Guilty Responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; deserving of blame; culpable Adjudged to have committed a crime Convict a person proved or declared guilty of an offense a person serving a prison sentence Prisoner a person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process. anyone who has been captured and is held against his will as a criminal Felon a person who has committed a felony someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime Criminal a person guilty or convicted of a crime Guilty of crime Lexico Publishing Group. 2008. Dictionary.com. January 21 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/

31. Response (ja) ALLEGED declared or stated to be as described; asserted. declared but not proved ACCUSED to charge with the fault, offense, or crime. a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense CRIMINAL of the nature of or involving crime. guilty of crime. CULPRIT a person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault. a person arraigned for an offense. DEFENDANT a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court . The party against which an action is brought against. DELINQUENT failing in or neglectful of a duty or obligation; guilty of a misdeed or offense. Failing to do what law or duty requires. FELON a person who has committed a felony. an evil person. INCRIMATE to accuse of or present proof of a crime or fault. to involve in an accusation; cause to be or appear to be guilty. INCULPATE to charge with fault; blame; accuse. to involve in a charge; incriminate. LAWBREAKER One who does not comply with the law. MOBSTER A member of a criminal gang or crime syndicate. a criminal who is a member of a group of other criminals. ROBBER To take property from (a person) illegally by using or threatening to use violence or force. To take valuable or desired articles unlawfully SUSPECT to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad. To have doubts about; distrust. HTTP://dictionary. reference. com