Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 Native Americans and Pioneers Clash of Cultures

2. “The United States Wins Land from Mexico” • In 1846, the United States declared war on _________________. By the end of the war, 1848, the U.S. controlled present-day _____ and ________________. With the discovery of _________, more people flocked to California. • The first pioneers established “Great Salt Lake City” in a ________ zone, between the bound of the Shoshone and Ute Peoples. “Unintended Consequences” • When the Mormons started settling Ute land, problems began. When TimpanogotUtes stole cattle, a 45-man __________ was sent in pursuit. • Wild animals were not as abundant as before because of ________ introduced by the mountain men and also a ___________________ causing harsher winters. • Close association between the pioneers and Native Americans introduced diseases such as typhoid, diphtheria, colds, influenza, _________________, etc.

3. “Clash of Culture” • A ____________________existed between whites and Native Americans. Utes had difficulty understanding the ______________, competitiveness and harsh discipline of the pioneers. They also didn’t understand ______________. • The settlers didn’t understand why the Native Americans abandoned their _____________________ older members, killed a dead warrior’s horses and slaves, and occasionally abandoned twins and disabled children. • Native American ____________was also an obstacle. (Remember, some pioneers brought slaves with them to Utah). Mormon interference in the slave trade was seen as another way that the whites were disregarding their ________________________. “Conflict Among Tribes” • Pioneers learned of the _________________ between the Shoshone and the Ute, usually involving territorial rights and _________________ for aggressive acts.

4. Ute leader ____________________ welcomed the pioneers as a possible ally in gaining power over his ________________ and Piute enemies. He also hoped to find favor with settlers to increase _____________________________.+ “Major Indian-White Conflicts” • Despite _______________________ desire to maintain peace, conflicts between the Mormons and the Native Americans were often brutal and bloody. • The first major conflict between settlers and Native Americans was in 1850 when a Ute was killed by _____________________. The militia, fearing an attack from Native Americans, the __________ was sent to SLC with orders to kill all hostile warriors. Eleven Native American warriors were killed after the surrender. • _______________won most of the battles for a couple of reasons: 1) Native Americans weren’t always _______________, 2) the number of warriors was always ______________ and 3) settlers often had allies from rival _________________.

5. __________________________ was a federal agent sent to survey a route for the transcontinental railroad. He and his group were attacked on the Sevier River by a group of ______________ Native Americans. Gunnison and 4 others were killed, and 4 of his men escaped. Later reports show the attack was probably ___________ for an earlier attack by white immigrants. “The Walker War” • In the ____________________, Western Utes lead by ____________ tried to drive the Mormons from their settlements. Events occurred near _________________ when a Native American was killed by ____________________ at Ft. Payson. • Brigham Young ordered the settlers to build forts for ___________. The Mormons also tried to make efforts of ____________. Brigham Young committed to an almost __________________ point of view, but individual settlers and militiamen refused to comply. • The Native American groups chose different responses the situation. The actions of _________________ and _____________ and their assistants brought about the end of the conflict.

6. “The Gosiute War” • Increasing tensions erupted in 1860 when several stagecoach stages were established in ________________ and _________ territory. Native Americans often attacked the stations and the army attempted to establish order along the trail. In one encounter soldiers slaughtered and camp of men, women and children. The war resulted in the deaths of 16_________________ and over 100 __________________. “Bear River Massacre” • Many times, ruthless or frightened travelers on the _____________ ___________ shot and killed friendly Shoshone Native Americans. This caused them to view all travelers as enemies and they and others began raiding wagon trains. Col. Patrick Connor decided that the Box Elder and Cache Valley Native Americans were to blame. • Connor’s opportunity to stop them came when gold miners were assaulted by _________________warriors. He planned to attack their winter camp and made it clear that ______________________ ___________________.

7. The battle became a slaughter when the soldiers _______________ 250 men, women and children. “The Black Hawk War” • The ____________________ was the longest and most destructive conflict in Utah. It stated when an Indian agent wanted the Kanosh, Tabby, and San Pitch tribes to give up their lands. The treaty promised that the United States would pay the people money in addition to animals, shelter, clothing, food and training in ___________________. __________________ coaxed the Native Americans to sign the treaty. It was rejected by Congress, but in the mean time, the agent forced Utes to walk to the ____________ ___________ in wintertime. In Utah’s ________________________, the Northern Utes suffered hardship, starvation and cold. • Black Hawk realized he and others would lose their hunting grounds and his people had not gotten the food and money promised by the government. Utes, Paiutes, and Navajos united and attacked several settlements. The largest massacre of Native Americans during the war occurred at ________________when at least 16 men, women and children had their throats cut. The federal government took no action.

8. Eventually, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty. He toured Mormon settlements and asked members for their _______________ and understanding, while emphasizing the condition of his starving people. “Native American Farms and Reservations” • Pioneers attempted to draw Native Americans into _____________ settlements. However, in most cases Native Americans kept their traditional ways. • The first reservations in Utah were __________ established by the Mormon settlers and Indian agents. The largest were converted into reservations, and Native Americans continue to live and farm in some of these today. • In 1861 President Lincoln established the ____________________ __________________________for the Utes of Utah territory. • Other reservations were created, but only two still exist-- ________ and _________________.

9. Following a massacre in Colorado where people were killed, so the federal government removed the ______________________ and ____________________ Utes from their homeland to the combined ____________________ Reservation in Utah. • The Uncompahgre Utes were angry because they were blamed for something they didn’t do. The White River Utes were upset that they had been removed for __________________________territory. ___________________ were unhappy because they had to give up half of their reservation. • In the 1880s, cattle companies, settlers, and Navajo herders began to compete with Utes and Paiutes for land. Within 10 years their former _____________________ had virtually disappeared. The last battle was fought in 1923 when 2 Utes escaped from arrest for a robbery. Sixty-year-old ________________ fought and died. This was the last Utah Native American battle. “Religious Conversion” • Many Native American groups turned to _____________________ to solve their problems. Some converted to ________________.